Effects of Child Abuse on Child Development - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2746 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/03/28 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Child Abuse Essay Did you like this example? While it has been known for a while that there is obviously an extremely high importance of maternal care in child development. Some research now suggests that the importance of this may lie partially on its effects on anxiety-like behaviors and the regulation of the stress reaction in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, also known as the stress response control center, which are both significantly lowered (Ramo-Fernndez et al., 2015). However, an effective opposite, child abuse, also shows may also yield negative consequences. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effects of Child Abuse on Child Development" essay for you Create order Based on data that was collected in 2016 of children raised in the U.S. 9% experience physical abuse and another 4% experience sexual abuse, making for the understanding of its effects of high importance (US Bureau of Children data shit). Where maternal care showed gains in the individuals ability to interact with stress related mechanisms, many of the issues (behavioral, health, psychological) stem from some form of detriment in the individuals ability to cope with these mechanisms. In children experiencing child abuse we see significant increase in the likelihood that theyll experience abuse in other relationships in adulthood, whether they be platonic or intimate relationships. Psychological disorders such as depression, post traumatic stress disorder, suicidality, anxiety not only are experienced at increased rates, but also severity within the population of children experiencing child abuse (Ehlert U. 2013). Additionally, physical health is something that comes into play with th ings such as cardiovascular disease or infections (Norman, et al., 2012). As result of having this many conditions that are interacting with stress mechanisms funding for research focuses on the how these stress reactions are influenced by varying polymorphisms in the genome. While there are many genes that seem to interact in epistatic and pleiotropic ways with stress regulation systems, I will be doing a parallel comparison of two genes: FKBP5 and NR3K1. The FKBP5 gene goes through transcription and translation to form the FK506 binding protein 51. Although the protein gene relationship was only discovered in 1990, many developments in the understanding of the function of this gene have occured (Sanchez, 1990). In the FKBP5 proteins normal function, it intimately interacts with multiple receptors, but the glucocorticoid receptor is of most relevance to us because it is responsible for upregulation of anti-inflammatory proteins and downregulation of proinflammatory proteins (Menke, et al., 2013). The interaction with proteins is important because many forms of issues that correlate with child abuse seem overlap when there is displacement from these proteins normal expression. The FKBP5 gene is activated to down regulate the expression the glucocorticoid receptor in what is known as a negative feedback loop, which when bound to the glucocorticoid receptor prevents its interaction with glucocorticoids like cortisol (Binder, 2009). Altho ugh the FKBP5 protein has several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that could interact with the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor because of potential changes proteins ability to appropriately function; some SNPs that are tested in many forms rs4713902, rs3800373, rs1360780, rs9470080, rs9296158 and rs3777747 (Collip, et al., 2013; Green, et al., 2015). Polymorphisms and Genotypes of FKBP5 Related to Depression Treatment Before the effects of child abuse on this gene and its effects on behavior can be appropriately determined, it is first important to determine what polymorphisms, if any are attributed to varying regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Binder et al. (2004) began the sifting of SNPs by looking for sufficient responsiveness of SNPs of depressed individuals to antidepressant treatment, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and rates of remission beyond points of experimental influence. After an additional initial screening of the FKBP5 gene, consisting of the promoter region and exons, 57 SNPs were used to for analysis, including nine newly discovered genes. Using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale to evaluate the 233 participants, a noteworthy response to the antidepressants and remission was observed in SNPs rs1360780, rs1334894 and rs755658. However, a replication of the analysis of SNPs was conducted to control for a large portion of the gene that was encompassed by a gene linkage band that was found to go 288 kb from the 5 exterior of the gene. The replication resulted in the three polymorphisms, rs4713916, rs1360780 and rs3800373, ultimately were found to have the strongest, sufficient correlation, which are located putative promoter region, intron 2 and 3 untranslated region respectively of the FKBP5 gene. Based on the three SNPs falling into FKBP5 range the study was able to conclude that the substantial association of the responses to treatment was, in fact a result of the FKBP5 gene and not adjacent linked genes. Following the confirmation of these SNPs as notable contributors to treatment reactivity, Binder et al. (2004) then looked to discern whether there was variance in the genotypic expression within any of these polymorphisms. Given the sample of the participants from Bavarian psychiatric hospitals, the only polymorphisms that showed notable expression in the population was the rs1360780. A correlative analysis was then conducted on each of the genotypic expressions of the rs1360780, TT, TC and CC (assuming standard nucleotide pairing). The analysis showed an indicative proportion of the individuals within the rs1360780 polymorphism that experience effects from the antidepressant treatment and remission were those of the homozygous TT genotype. Additionally over the course of their lifetime each individual had more than double the likelihood of experiencing depressive episodes. As a result of the positive results for the varying experiences of those of different genotypes of the rs1360780 SNP, the researchers hypothesized an altered phenotypic expression would be measurable in lymphocytes and plasma cortisol levels. Their hypothesis was accurate on lymphocyte expression with FKBP5 levels being nearly two times the expression in TT versus TC or CC genotypes. However, cortisol levels in the rs1360780 polymorphism found no significant distinguishable representation of plasma cortisol levels. The researchers explain these results by suggesting that these changes in expression may have lead to increased sensitivity of the glucocorticoid receptor due to structure variation in the heterocomplex that interacts with the FKBP5 protein. In later literature it is described that the genotype homologous TT, actually forms a TATA Box complex which is known for its enhancement of the transcription on the rs1360780 polymorphism. It is described that this upregulation could also result in the increased sensitivity that was described here (Klengel et al., 2012). FKBP5 Polymorphisms and Genotypes Related to Child Abuse Following an in depth analysis of the different polymorphisms of the FKBP5 gene that are relatively involved in the regulation of some depressive effects without considering experience; now it is important to consider how these different may polymorphisms may act in conjunction with childhood abuse. Binder et al. (2008) using 900 non-psychiatric clinic patients with significant levels of child abuse and non-child abuse trauma. The level of trauma was determined in individuals by cross-section analysis of the individuals scores using the traumatic events inventory assessment, which importantly describes the majority of non-child abuse trauma occurring in adulthood, and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. This study functionally placed participants into 3 levels for both groups described: none (verbal abusive), 1 type (physical or sexual abuse) and 2 type (physical and sexual abuse). This data was regressionally analyzed to rates of PTSD found in participants that was determined using the PTSD symptom scale (PSS). Lastly and most importantly these individuals were placed categorically based on SNPs expression. These polymorphisms including the three functionally correlated with responsiveness and remission in the previous study (rs4713916, rs1360780, and rs3800373) and five others that spanned a 120 kb range within the FKBP5 gene. The Binder et al (2008) study then does a series of cross-sectional analyses to enlighten the relationships between many of these interplaying factors. Firstly, the comparisons of the non-child abuse and child abuse traumas with the PTSD itself. Non-child abuse and PTSD showed a 5 fold increase when comparing the PSS scores from the individuals that experience the low to high levels of trauma. While the child abuse didnt experience as dramatic an increase in PSS, the scores were significantly higher for each one of the levels. Additionally, the researchers found that when the type 1 and type 2 levels of child abuse and non-child abuse were paired together PSS substantially increased in terms of non-child abuse. This suggests that PTSD symptoms may effectively increase after experience of non-child abuse as a result of having experienced child abuse prior. Immediately this raises the question of whether the functional ability of how that form is changed as result of having childhood abuse. Now the case study looked to investigate the relationship between FKBP5 SNPs and PTSD, including whether child abuse or non-child abuse traumas were mediating factors that could be used as potential predictors of that relationship. Using -log10 to determine main genetic effect, there appeared to be no simple correlation between the FKBP5 polymorphism and PTSD experience within the non-child abuse group. However, in the child abuse trauma group there were three different polymorphisms that showed noteworthy PTSD outcome interaction. Two polymorphisms that were demonstrated in the previous study to show an interaction with depression, rs3800373 and rs1360780, and the third and most crucial rs9296158 found in intron 5, all showed an interrelation with PTSD. These polymorphisms specifically resulted in an additive effect suggesting theyre expression or interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor is directly influenced by trauma experienced in early child development. Additionally, when each of these three polymorphisms were tested for variances in expression based on genotype. Binder et al. (2008) conducted an analysis across the separate genotypes in relation to levels of child trauma for PSS. Each mean PSS increased by a factor of approximately four for the most significant genotypes, although these genotypes were only different from others within the SNP when they were at the highest level of child abuse. This suggests that these genotypically distinguishable polymorphisms may experience a form of stress threshold for early developing children that can lead to proportionally higher PTSD outcomes in adult life. Child Abuse Level Relationship with FKBP5 Methylation To this point there is significant evidence that is connecting the levels of child abuse with multiple polymorphisms that vary in their effects genotypically with stress related disorders; however, as was implied in the last case there seems to be mechanism by which the FKBP5 gene or expression of it that is altered seemingly indefinitely after child abuse trauma experiences. Klengel et al. (2012) is a continuation of the last study through the same lab and looks to determine, whether epigenetic methylation effects on the polymorphisms that have been relevant towards present research could be due to childhood trauma. Since this is a continuation of the previous article, the same forms of collecting participant samples, genotyping and data analysis were conducted. Although, to appropriately to determine methylation of the genome the DNA was bisulfite treated and had pyrosequencing performed. The researchers predicted that child abuse events would lead to demethylation occurring at glucocorticoid response elements (GREs), sequences that directly mediate interaction with the glucocorticoid receptors, in the FKBP5 gene with a high risk genotype. First, the researchers determined by using the Illumina OmniExpress database determined that of the polymorphisms that had already been previously associated that with child abuse effects in PTSD that the rs1360780 was most closely integrated with GREs and was contained in a methylation tagging bin of 192 kb long. Following the determination of the highest risk polymorphism rs1360780, a direct comparison between amount of methylation on the FKBP5 gene GREs of the rs1360780 with both physical and sexual abuse were compared to the individuals that had experienced no form of child abuse. The pyrosequencing showed that of the participants that experienced the high degree of child abuse that the FKBP5 gene GRE demethylation occurred in notably high amounts (5%) on the GREs found in the promoter regions as well as introns 2 and 7. Although when genotypic interaction was assessed with each of the demethylated regions, the researchers found that only the demethylation found in intron 7 was also correlated with the highest risk homozygous alleles and heterozygous risk allele carrier. Determining this correlation, emphasizes the effects of early trauma severity on FKBP5 demethylation in risk allele carriers, but not in protective genotype carriers (Klengel et al. 2012). Klengel et al. (2012) then went on to determine whether the demethylation effects were correlated with the childhood trauma questionnaire scores. They found that not only was there correlation with the individuals that had experienced the highest forms of trauma, but also that there was individual correlations with each categorized form of trauma (physical, emotional, and sexual). Although, the effect size, or the mean total demethylation that occured, of the demethylation events were significant smaller than the individuals that had experience multiple forms of trauma. The researchers concluded as result that demethylation of these portions of the genome was proportional to the amount of childhood trauma experienced. Up to this point in the case study, these researchers have been using DNA samples from peripheral blood cells and wanted to determine whether the methylation effects were transferable to neuronal cells. Dexamethasone, demethylation inducing chemical, was used to treat hippocampal progenitor cells found a considerable overlap in portions of the FKBP5 gene demethylation. The demethylation occurred in all introns as a well as the promoter region. It then suggests that there may strong overlap in how these FKBP5 proteins are expressed as a result of child abuse in cells in the brain and not only the those residing in the blood. Methylation of FKBP5 Relationship with Mental Health Disorders It was determined that the FKBP5 gene is a target of demethylation as a result of a child abuse leading to an overall change in its expression based having polymorphisms of particular high risk. The last thing to discern is whether there are statistical merits for whether the demethylation process contributes to some form of mental health disorder. Bustamante et al. (2018) focus on the methylation correlation with major depressive disorder and hypothesized that many of the methylation events that were present in promoter, intron 7 and 2 would be important in determining the depression. 184 participants recruited for this study were selected based on availability of blood sampling for performing the same pyrosequencing that was conducted for the previous study. As it seems to be most consistently representative of the polymorphisms for interacting with child abuse, the rs1360780 was selected to be the mediating methylated gene. The first problem that occurs in this instance is that when the study went to confirm some of the previous percent methylation correlations with level of child abuse from previous studies, Bustamante et al. (2018) found that while the methylation was still different, the methylation was much higher in the high child abuse participants than was expected. In the promoter region, intron 2 and intron 7 the methylation percentages compared to the levels of child abuse in the participants were all much higher than would have been anticipated based on the results of the previous study. Although, there still was present the general association between child abuse level and depression symptom severity (DSS), as well as the genotypic expression of the rs1360780 varying the DSS. While technically the percentages of methylation did see a notable shift between levels of abuse, it potentially brings to question the overall understanding of what controls the base levels of methylation observable w ithin the genome. When the case study followed up these initial analyses with determining if there the methylation percentages acted as significant mediator towards the childhood trauma and the DSS they conducted a regression analysis for each of the GRE linked regions, promoter, intron 2 and intron 7. While of these GRE linked regions were predetermined to have significant correlation with child abuse level, none of these regions were predictors of DSS. The researchers suggest that because of a less significant difference between the mean total methylation percentages that there was far more overlap in data points. Ultimately, the researchers concluded that based on data represented in their research that there was no significant correlation, between methylation and gene expression. Conclusion Based on the evidence provided from a number of resources there is a significant overlap between the FKBP5 gene and a number of health disorders. While PTSD and and major depressive disorder were of the most relevance in this paper, things like suicidality also have a notable increase based on the polymorphic expression of this glucocorticoid receptor mediating gene (Roy et al. 2010). Not only are these genes correlated polymorphically to whether these disorders may be developed in an individual, but based on what was discussed it is also noteworthy, that this gene can actually vary a persons ability to appropriate react to treatment. And even further can FKBP5 polymorphism rs1360780 actually regulates this on the genotypic level of its expression (Binder et al, 2004).

The Portrayal Of Women During The Arab World - 1651 Words

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Civil Rights Movement for Jim Crow Laws - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCivil Rights Movement for Jim Crow Laws. Answer: Introduction The civil rights movement took place in the 1950s.It was a mass protest movement carried out against racial discrimination and segregation by black Americans. The black Americans wanted equal rights with the whites who oppressed them. The movement was nonviolent and later led to laws protecting every person regardless of sex, race color or national origin. However, the whites had already done great damage to Black Americans taken in the Southern United States as slaves. The Civil Rights Movement was first led by the first and Second World War. The movement, therefore, began to defend equal rights and opportunities for all individuals without looking at their race. There is still racism in the current world though it cannot be compared to how it affected people many decades ago. The paper is centered on the emergence of the civil rights movement as well as its impacts in the southern United States. It further explains the consequences of racial discrimination within the English speaki ng countries. The emergence of Civil Rights movement So how did the Civil Rights Movement begin? The civil rights movement did not just come into being but out of attempts to abolish the institution of slavery (Goodwin et al., 2014).The activists wanted their quality of life improved hence formed the movement. They felt that they were not treated the same as white yet they were all human beings, therefore, wanted justice to prevail. Throughout the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln who was the president offered the emancipation proclamation (Omi et al., 2014). It was then codified into law is the 13th Amendment to the constitution of US. The amendment legitimately banned the institution of slavery and went into impact in 1865.Around the year 1880, the segregation law was created and named as Jim Crow Laws. The law gave the states the right to enforce legal punishments on individuals for consorting with people of a different race. This implied that the blacks could not mingle with the whites. The blacks were supposed to be on their own so as the whites (West, 2014).Many laws were formed following the segregation laws. For instance, the blacks and whites could not have access to the similar public facility with whites. In fact, every race had own entryway, bathroom, and waiting room. Besides, the blacks and whites could not attend the same public school. More so, the interracial marriages were banned completely. As a result, people who went against these rules were severely punished or jailed according to Jim Crow Laws. Activists involved in Civil Rights movement For many years of Liberation Proclamation, the blacks in Southern states continued to suffer. They lived a rigid unsatisfactory world of segregation, citizenship deprivation and other forms of tyranny which included race-inspired difficulty (Button, 2014). Jim crow laws at state and local states. The non-violent movement and civil disobedient approaches were employed by the activists to bring some change. A number of civil rights leaders within the community of blacks and beyond were recognized during that period. Some of the leaders include Martin Luther King, Andrew Goodman, Rosa Parks as well as other leaders of the Christian group. In fact, a number of them endangered their life as many also lost their lives in the name of equality and freedom. Their motive behind the civil right movement involved school segregation. Rosa Park is said to have refused to give offer her seat to the white person, despite that it was public accommodation and transportation(Goodwin et al., 2014).Also, there was the murder of a fourteen-year-old in Chicago school. The deeds, in fact, led to all coming together to fight against the segregation. Impacts of the Civil Rights Movement The movement was focused on fighting slavery whereby African slaves tried to resist racial exploitation. The activists needed to completely do away with the institution of slavery and set everyone free. However, American slaves were liberated due to civil war and later given basic civil rights. This was done thru the passage of 15th and 14th amendments to the United States Constitution. Although the amendments were approved, the fights to ensure the federal fortification of these human rights endured to the next century (Spring, 2016). The civil right movement did not engage violence hence altered the pattern of public amenities being exploited by racialism in the South. The nonviolent pattern led to the achievement of the most crucial breakthrough in equal-rights law for African Americans ever since it was reconstructed in 1865 to 1877.Although the approval of 1964 and 1965 of the primary civil rights law was successful for the movement; the activists had already started to view the ir tussle ass a liberation or freedom movement. There were many campaigns and acts that influenced the movements towards resisting slavery (Dierenfield, 2013). The whites and African American performed types of civil disobedience and protests such as marches, sit-ins boycotts, and many other non-violent deeds. This movement brought a great change and accomplishments such as voting rights, Montgomery Bus Boycott and Civil Rights Act Section of 1964.Along with the attainments, came with many controversies and outbreaks that caused casualties swept the south as well as the side path of acts involving violence(West, 2014). Ideally, they didn't view their struggle as merely a way of seeking civil rights changes but rather confronting the long-lasting political, economic as well as cultural significances of past racial repression. Supreme Court and Civil rights The leading approach was focused on the courts. It was led by the (NAACP) which meant the Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The idea was initiated lawsuits meant to destabilize the legal basis of Jim Crow Laws of discrimination in the southern United States. The landmark Topeka Board of Education v. Brown ruling said that the use of separate public facilities supported inequality. The court, therefore, pointed out that the discrimination within the public education was unconstitutional (Beard, 2017). Although the Supreme Court ruling was a great success for civil rights, the white supremacists on the other side guaranteed massive opposition to desegregation. In reaction to Board v. Brown, a crowd of Southern congressmen delivered the southern manifesto, while, denouncing the court's verdict and swearing, to fight back its enforcement. In the long run, the federal interference was needed to implement the decision. The Supreme Court at the end took great penalties in B oard versus Brown involving Topeka Education in 1954.The court was, therefore; against school segregation hence ruled that individuals barred from visiting public schools with whites were denied equal rights as stated by the 14 amendments (Spring, 2016). The policy was too extended to state-supported universities and colleges Abolitionism of Jim Crow Laws The history of America has been revealed through determined and persistent effort to increase the scope as well as the comprehensiveness of civil rights. Despite the fact that equal rights were approved in the southern United States through the documents, a number of blacks were still denied basic rights. Indentured servants and African slaves did not have an absolute right to liberty, life as well as the chase for happiness asserted by the British colonists to justify their independence declaration (Goodwin et al., 2014).Besides, they were not included to the United States people who created the constitution to enable general welfare promotion and get blessings of liberty. However, the constitution only protected slavery by facilitating slaves' importation till 1808.Besides, the constitution helped in enabling the slaves' return of who had run to other states for the refugee. As the Southern United States continued to expand its borders, Native American group resisted absorption and conquest. The individual states which influenced a number of the rights of American people limited the rights for voting to white property possessing males and other basic rights. Some of these rights include; the right to serve on juries and the right to own land. The Africa-American were denied such rights because of their gender and color. However, the point is? How does color affect all these activities in the southern United States? The question still lingers in so many minds wanting to know whether the society still has an issue with the color. Well, probably things are changing in the current world (Beard, 2017). During that time, a small group of blacks lived outside the system of the slave. However, those recognized as free blacks suffered enforced segregation and racial discrimination. Although a few slaves rebelled violently against their dependence, African America ns as well as other marginalized groups mostly used nonviolent methods. The protests, pleas, legal challenges and petitions forwarded to government representatives as well as massive and sustained civil rights movements achieved gradual enhancements in their status quo. Black Power The term black power is a political slogan that spread between the 1960s towards the 1980s.The term also refers to different ideologies meant to achieve autonomy for black individuals (Button, 2016).It was promoted in the United States, though the slogans together with other components of the Black Power Movement have already gone abroad. Despite that the inclusive civil rights legislation signified a prominent success for the Civil Rights Program, the obstinacy involving the white power group within the South persuaded a number of black activists, showing them that the nonviolent civil defiance was insufficient (Reich, 2017). Several African Americans also got concerned about the appearance of numerous northern middle-class whites' people in the civil moment. A northern white college scholar joined black militants is some voter registration drive during the Freedom Summer that occurred in 1964.The strategy of the student was viewed as an attempt to force white leadership in the Civi l Rights Movement. As a reaction to the persistent power of the whites, there was an arrival of those within and outside the movement. Besides, a more militant number of the civil rights activism also emerged. The most influential proponent of black power movement was Malcolm X. He advocated cultural pride, black self-defense, and self-reliance when faced with racial violence. The back power led by Malcolm X gained numerous adherents after the murder of King Martin Luther in 1968.He was assassinated while in the arms of James Earl Ray who was an escaped criminal and a white chauvinist (Smith, 2014).After the killing of Malcolm X in 1965, Stokely Carmichael and Black Panther Party took over the movement among the most voiced advocates of Black Power. Conclusion To sum up, the Civil Rights Movement achieved many things in regards to racial segregation. The movement racked up a number of notable conquests from the abolishing of Jim crow laws in the southern United States, headed to the passage of federal rule prohibiting racial oppression, to the prevalent cognizance of the cultural legacy and its great contributions involving African American towards the United States History. The election carried out in 2008 of the African American First president, Obama Barack, was an outstanding presentation of how far the equality struggle has come. However, some indicators show there is still a lot to do in order to eradicate the issue of inequality completely. The goal of comprehensive political, social and economic equality has not been attained yet. African Americans are still being enslaved at a big rate unequal to their proportion of the populace. In fact, the black people are the most common victims associated with police cruelty, while poverty ra tes amidst the black families are higher compared to those of the whites. Stereotypical depictions involving African Americans continue to be rampant in popular culture. A number of black Americans still suffer from deprived access to social facilities. Besides, they suffer from methodical inequalities in institutions such as public education.As victorious as the Civil Rights movement could have been; there is still unfinished business towards the struggle for complete equality. References Beard, C. (2017).An economic interpretation of the Constitution of the United States.Routledge. Button, J. W. (2014).Blacks and social change: Impact of the civil rights movement in southern communities. Princeton University Press. Button, J. W. (2016).Blacks and social change.Princeton University Pres. Dierenfield, B. J. (2013).The civil rights movement: Revised edition. Routledge. Goodwin, J., Jasper, J. M. (Eds.). (2014).The social movements reader: Cases and concepts. John Wiley Sons. Omi, M., Winant, H. (2014).Racial formation in the United States.Routledge. Reich, M. (2017).Racial inequality: A political-economic analysis. Princeton University Press. Smith, C. (Ed.). (2014).Disruptive religion: The force of faith in social movement activism. Routledge. Spring, J. (2016).Deculturalization and the struggle for equality: A brief history of the education of dominated cultures in the United States. Routledge. West, M. (2014)." I Want Those Seats:'Rosa Parks, Buses, and the Origins of the Civil Rights Movement.

The Decision Of The Century Essays - Japan, English-language Films

The Decision Of The Century The Decision of the Century On August 2, 1945, Harry S. Truman made the toughest decision of his life. He knew that if he made the right decision, he would save hundreds of thousands of American lives. In making this decision, he would also be responsible for the deaths of hundreds and thousands of Japanese lives. If he made the wrong decision, the war would drudge on as the death count rose higher and higher as each new battle was fought. Japan would not surrender unconditionally, as the United States wanted. With Germany already beaten, the United States was not about to back down. No one knows whether or not he made the right choice, but he did, in fact, bring an end to World War II. World War IIs basic statistics qualify it as by far the greatest war in history in terms of human and material resources expended. In all, 61 countries with 1.7 billion people, three-fourths of the worlds population took part. A total of 110 million persons were mobilized for military service, more than half of those by three countries: USSR (22-30 million), Germany (17 million), and the United States (16 million). For the major participants the largest numbers on duty at any time were as follows: USSR (12,500,000); U.S. (12, 245,000); Germany (10,938,000); British Empire and Commonwealth (8,720,000); Japan (7,193,000); and China (5,000,000). Harry S. Truman was born May 8, 1884 in Lamar, Missouri. He was named Harry after his uncle, Harrison Young. His parents, John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young Truman, wanted to honor both of Harrys Grandfathers when they were deciding on a middle name for him. The only problem was deciding which one, Anderson Shippe Truman or Solomon Young. His parents finally decided to name him Harry S. and let the S stand for both of Harrys grandfathers names. Before Harry S. Truman became the thirty-third President of the United States, he had many jobs which included: railroad work, business man, sales rep., Captain in the United States Army, a United States Senator, and Vice President. Harry S. Truman became President of The United States on April 12, 1945 after Franklin Delano Roosevelt had passed away from a heart attack. He never knew what he was really getting himself into. Harry S. Truman had only been the President of The United States for thirteen days when Henry L. Stimson, The Secretary of War, delivered a complete report on the United States of Americas new secret weapon that would supposedly end World War II. Before Harry S. Truman received this report, he had no idea that such a weapon existed or that the American scientists had been trying to develop the atomic bomb over the last four years. On July 21, 1945 while at Potsdam, Truman received the results from General Leslie Groves testing of the atomic bomb at Alamogordo. The results were as follows: A force of 15-20,000 tons of TNT, a fireball lasting several seconds, a mushroom cloud rising skyward approximately 41,000 feet above sea level. There were many secondary explosions within the mushroom cloud causing a 1,200-foot crater in the ground. The 100 feet tower, which the bomb had been detonated in and a seventy-foot steel tower a half-mile away was disintegrated. It became obvious that Truman had two choices: invade mainland Japan or drop the atomic bomb. If Truman chose to invade Japan, he calculated he would need a ground force of 766,700 soldiers with roughly 31,000 American casualties within the first 30 days (Hamby 19). In addition to the estimated casualties of the invading ground force the estimated 100,000 prisoners of war would be slaughtered (Ferrell 24). The order was issued by Japans vice minister of war as follows: Whether they are destroyed individually or in groups, or however it is done, with mass bombing, poisonous smoke, poisons, drowning, decapitation or what, dispose of them as the situation dictates. In any case it is the aim not to allow the escape of a single one, to annihilate them all, and not to leave any traces. Another factor in the equation of the bomb vs. an invasion was the weather. At close to the time of the planned invasion a typhoon

Cotton top Tamarin essays

Cotton top Tamarin essays One of the most endangered primates in the world, the cotton-top tamarin, Saguius Oedipus, is distinguished by its remarkable physical appearance. The animal belongs to the Callitrichidae family, the smallest and one of the most diverse of the New World monkeys (Savage, Natural 1). The tamarins unique appearance along with its dying habitat and biomedical possibilities led to the creatures endangerment. Physically, the cotton-top tamarin distinctly stands out among members of its family and the genus Saguinus. The animal is named for the striking crest of white hair running from its forehead to its neck, hanging over its shoulders, noticeable in contrast to the tamarins black face. The underside of the creatures arms and legs is white, while its back is black or brown. Tamarins posses claws rather than nails and have short tusked lower anterior dentition that allows them to suck sap out of trees (Savage, Natural 1). Being no more than 12 inches long and 7.26 cm tall, cottontop tamarins weigh less than a pound. Aside from physical appearance, location, behavior, diet, and reproduction help describe the tamarin and its ecosystem. The tamarin lives in only one location in the world, the rainforests of Columbia, South America. Like many other animals, cotton-top tamarins live in groups of 8 to 13 and spend their days traveling, looking for prey, and resting. The cotton-top tamarins diet consists of nectar, saps, fruits, vegetables, flowers, small animals, and insects (Savage, Natural 2). Its predators include Marten-like tayra, forest hawks, and humans. A tamarin normally lives between 13 and 14 years, and females can bear 2 offspring a year, usually twins. Despite the tamarins inherent value within its ecosystem, causes of its endangerment continue to thrive. The cotton-top tamarin's aesthetic benefits, unique susceptibility t...

Difference Between Independent and Dependent Variables

Difference Between Independent and Dependent Variables The two main variables in an experiment are the independent and dependent variable. An independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. A dependent variable is the variable being tested and measured  in a scientific experiment. The dependent variable is dependent on the independent variable. As the experimenter changes the independent variable, the effect on the dependent variable is observed and recorded. Independent and Dependent Variable Example For example, a scientist wants to see if the brightness of light has any effect on a moth being attracted to the light. The brightness of the light  is controlled by the scientist. This would be the independent variable. How the moth reacts to the different light levels (distance to light source)  would be the dependent variable. How to Tell the Variables Apart The independent and dependent variables may be viewed in terms of cause and effect. If the independent variable is changed, then an effect is seen in the dependent variable. Remember, the values of both variables may change in an experiment and are recorded. The difference is that the value of the independent variable is controlled by the experimenter, while the value of the dependent variable only changes in response to the independent variable. Remembering Variables With DRYMIX When results are plotted in graphs, the convention is to use the independent variable as the x-axis and the dependent variable as the y-axis. The DRY MIX acronym can help keep the variables straight: D is the dependent variableR is the responding variableY is the axis on which the dependent or responding variable is graphed (the vertical axis) M is the manipulated variable or the one that is changed in an experimentI is the independent variableX is the axis on which the independent or manipulated variable is graphed (the horizontal axis) Independent vs Dependent Variable Key Takeaways The independent and dependent variables are the two key variables in a science experiment.The independent variable is the one the experimenter controls. The dependent variable is the variable that changes in response to the independent variable.The two variables may be related by cause and effect. If the independent variable changes, then the dependent variable is affected. Sources Carlson, Robert. A concrete introduction to real analysis. CRC Press, 2006. p.183.Dodge, Y. (2003) The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms, OUP. ISBN 0-19-920613-9Everitt, B. S. (2002). The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics (2nd ed.). Cambridge UP. ISBN 0-521-81099-X.

Comparing Feminism and Marxism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Comparing Feminism and Marxism - Essay Example The Marxists disagree on few things and one of those things is the scale to which they see a worker's revolution as the way of achieving human liberation and illumination and also the methods by which such revolution can occur in real. Marxism is sometimes described as 'Socialism'. According to some Marxists, the real and full Marxists principles were never implemented in any country; however, socialist countries implemented some part of Marxism. According to Karl Marx, a particular class of a society exploits the other class and according to him, this attitude in the society is the result of capitalism and free market. Marx defined the profit as the difference between the value of the product made by the laborer and the actual salary or the wage, which the laborer receives. He lighted his point that in Capitalist economy, money is earned by paying fewer wage to laborers, but profit is not moderated in terms of risks vs. return. According to Marx, people are getting away from their nature and natural behavior, and he accused capitalism for this. In capitalist economy, all benefits are being transferred to the employers and employees get a very low share out of the profit. Like this, employer is actually taking the advantages, which are earned by the hardworking laborers1. According to Marx, alimentation is the situation in which a person lays in capitalism, and it is not necessary that he or she himself admit that they are alienated. 3. Base and superstructure: According to Marx, the 'base structure' explains their point that the entire relations among people with respect to 'the social production of their existence' makes the economic basis in the society. And on this economic basis, the political and legal institutions are formed finally. The other factors affecting this are the religion, philosophy and other ideas. There is always a conflict between the development of material productive forces and the relation of production. This conflict results in the change in economic basis and finally it will cause the transformation of the superstructure2. According to Marx, this relationship is not a one-way process, but both sides are involved in it. And their relationship is considered as dialectical and not a distinction. 4. Class-consciousness: this is used to refer the awareness of oneself and also of the social world around oneself where we live. The awareness about the social class helps in understanding the capacity and it should be known before the class starts a successful revolution. 5. Ideology: Marx used the term 'ideology' in a special meaning and that is to allocate the production of social reality. Engels describes ideology as, 'a process accomplished by the so-called thinker consciously, it is true, but with a false consciousness. The real motive forces impelling him remain unknown to him; otherwise it simply would not be an ideological process. Hence he imagines false of seeming motive forces.'3 This all happens due to the reason that the ruling class controls the resources and in this way they also controls the superstructure of society. In this way, the decisions made would be in favor of ruling class and we cannot expect that they will make any decision which will be in favor of lower class. Marx states in his The

Pathophysiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pathophysiology - Essay Example This can be as a result of consumption of poor diets or unhealthy lifestyle (Timby & Smith, 2005). Disorders leading to left-sided congestive heart failure can be seen in both children and adults. In children, it can be caused by birth defects involving the heart and heart muscles such as abnormal heart valves or blood vessel connection. In adults, such disorders include hypothyroidism and other inherited heart conditions that can lead to cardiomyopathy. High blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, obesity and coronary artery diseases are other risk factors for left-sided congestive heart failure (Hobbs & Boyle, 2014). According to Robinson, N. E., & Sprayberry (2009), the most common symptom for left-sided heart failure is fatigue, weakness or faintness as a result of insufficient supply of oxygen to the body. Other symptoms include shortness of breath due to excess fluid accumulation in the lungs, decreased urine production and abrupt weight gain due to excessive fluid retention and cough that contains frothy or bloody mucus. Right ventricular systolic dysfunction could occur as a result of left-sided congestive heart failure

Nuclear Weapons should be Extirpate Essay Example for Free

Nuclear Weapons should be Extirpate Essay Nuclear weapons are considered serious threats to the human race and have made the world an insecure residence for living organisms. Nuclear weapons are destructive weapons that obtain its force from nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reaction. Both are theses producers are very harmful for the living organism. Nuclear weapons were first conducted in world war2 on Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan. It killed approximately 70,000 died immediately from the explosion and another 70,000 died from radiation within five years. The killing included the women and children. All nuclear weapons must be abolished around the world for making world secure, and save budget money. The entire world will be more secure if the planet will free of the nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons are the only type of weapons in existence that have the capacity to annihilate the human species and countless other species. The reactions of the nuclear weapons live alive after many years of its used. The best example is Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan. The nuclear bomb was used on these cities during the world war2, but Nagasaki and Hiroshima are still suffering with the reaction of nuclear bomb. Japanese cannot grow any crop in Nagasaki and Hiroshima because the fusion reaction of nuclear bomb is still alive. Without abolition, there is always the danger that nuclear weapons will proliferate, that more and more countries will obtain them. The existence of nuclear weapons leaves open possibility that a nuclear exchange might take place. The nuclear weapons are extra ordinary costly, and the costs continue into the indefinite future. Billions of dollars are wasted each year to pay for nuclear weapons. The cost of research, development, testing, deployment, and maintenance of the nuclear program is very high. Even it becomes higher, when we include the costs of damage to the land, illness of uranium miners,  cancer deaths from nuclear pollution, and the storage of nuclear wastage. Since early 1940s the U.S. alone has spent $4 trillion on nuclear arms. If current policies are implemented, the U.S. will continue to spend some $25-30 billion on nuclear forces. What is the more important education or nuclear bombs that can kill the human? Today, Congress and Administration are watching government spending, shrinking and eliminating programs and taking measures to reduce the deficit. Despite this, the central feature of national security spending for the past fifty years, nuclear weapons, has been rarely touched. Possession of nuclear weapon does not mean that the country is powerful. Many developed countries such as, Australia, Germany, and Spain do not have nuclear bomb. Some countries have already given up nuclear weapons, showing that it is possible for a nation to be secure without nuclear bomb. Three former Soviet republics, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, became nuclear weapons free states by volunteering transferring their nuclear warheads to Russia after the breakup of the Soviet Union. South Africa actually developed a small nuclear arsenal clandestinely, and then dismantled it. Argentina and Brazil have also eliminated their nuclear weapons programs even though they achieved initial success in these programs. These countries give a massage to the nuclear powers that you can succeed without nuclear bomb. In summary, the above analysis shows that nuclear weapons are weapons of great destruction. Our government wastes over thirty- three billion dollars a year of our tax money. Furthermore, nuclear weapons pose serious health risk to those around them, including the citizen. There has not been a significant impact on world affairs by nuclear weapons since world war2. Having a nuclear bomb does not guarantee the better life of the citizen, and development of the country. For these reasons, the nuclear weapons should be banned in entire world.

Differentiating the Renaissance Period and Middle Ages Era in Europe Es

The Renaissance was a time of change and prosperity. The decision was made depending on the difference of two eras. Unlike the Renaissance, the Middle Ages were a thousand years of ignorance and superstition. The Renaissance men were leaders in an era of rebirth and learning looked to the Ancient Greeks and Romans for models of advance. Many historians felt that the Middle Ages and the Renaissance were one era. The debate centers around whether the Renaissance was a unique age or a continuation of the Middle Ages. â€Å"Was the Renaissance a period distinct from the Middle Ages, or was it a continuation?† Par my opinion I feel that the Renaissance was a distinct period of change and prosperity. â€Å"The world is waking out of a long deep sleep†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Doc. 5) A.J. Froude finds specific examples that lead him to the understanding that their was distinction between both periods. The Life and Letters of Erasmus say that the church was a corrupt place and there was no religious teaching. Erasmus is trying to say in his book, directed tot the Prince, that he should bring back the respect of the Church and religious aspect to give the Church power again. These statements written by Erasmus show the want by townspeople for change. In the Middle Ages many people disregarded the advancement in society and only thought about the world and they were not humane. Erasmus shows how humanist actions begin. â€Å"In the Middle Ages both sides of human consciousness lay dreaming or half awake†¦the Renaissance we find artists who in every branch created new and perfect works†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Doc. 2) From The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy by Jacob Burchardt he identifi es that medieval man was childish, half-awake controlled by faith and defined by his group of membe... ... life in the early modern period. â€Å"Thus, from the beginning, the double conception of medieval darkness and subsequent cultural rebirth was colored by the acceptance of classical standards†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Doc.1) Writers and thinkers were inspired by the classical culture of the Greeks and Romans. They found their society much more â€Å"fascinating† than feudal and religious literature. They re-identified architecture, astronomy, medicine, and math. They corrected the order of the Church and began to believe again in karma, reincarnation and moksha. Renaissance men advanced the knowledge of human body, scientific calculations, and changed building attributes. As the change of these amenities came a change in the social structure. More men and women became literate, resulting in the increase and need for universities. Education. The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography.

Chevrolet Corvette

Third generation-C3 (1968–1982) Main article:  Chevrolet Corvette (C3) [pic] [pic] 1971 Corvette Stingray Convertible The third generation Corvette, patterned after the  Mako Shark II  concept car, was introduced for the 1968 model year and was in production until 1982. C3 coupes featured the first use ofT-top  removable roof panels. It introduced monikers that were later revived, such as LT-1, ZR-1, and Collector Edition. In 1978, the Corvette's 25th anniversary was celebrated with a two-tone Silver Anniversary Edition and an Indy Pace Car replica edition of the C3.This was also the first time that a Corvette was used as a Pace Car for the  Indianapolis 500. [26] Engines and chassis components were mostly carried over from the C2, but the body and interior were new. The 350  cu  in (5. 7  L) engine replaced the old 327  cu  in (5. 36  L) as the base engine in 1969, but power remained at 300  bhp (224  kW). 1969 was the only year for a C3 to optionall y offer either a factory installed side exhaust or normal rear exit with chrome tips.The all-aluminum ZL1 engine was also new for 1969; the special big-block engine was listed at 430-hp (320  kW), but was reported to produce 560  hp (420  kW) and propelled a ZL1 through the 1/4 mile in 10. 89 seconds. [27] There was an extended production run for the 1969  model year  due a lengthy labor strike, which meant sales were down on the 1970 models, to 17,316. [28]  1970 small-block power peaked with the optional high compression, high-revving LT-1 that produced 370  bhp (276  kW). The 427 big-block was enlarged to 454  cu  in (7. 44  L) with a 390  bhp (291  kW) rating.The ZR-1 special package was an option available on the 1970 through 1972 model years, and included the LT-1 engine combined with special racing equipment. Only 53 ZR-1's were built. [29] [pic] [pic] 1973 Corvette Stingray Coupe In 1971, to accommodate regular low-lead fuel with lower anti-knock pr operties, the engine compression ratios were lowered which resulted in reduced power ratings. The power rating for the 350  cu  in (5. 7  L) L48 base engine decreased from 300 to 270 horsepower and the optional special high performance LT1 engine decreased from 370 to 330 horsepower.The big-block  LS6 454  was reduced from 450 to 425  bhp (317  kW), though it was not used in Corvettes for 1970; it was used in the  Chevelle SS. For the 1972 model year, GM moved to the  SAE Net  measurement which resulted in further reduced, but more realistic, power ratings than the previous SAE Gross standard. [12]  Although the 1972 model's 350  cu  in (5. 7  L) horsepower was actually the same as that for the 1971 model year, the lower net horsepower numbers were used instead of gross horsepower.The L48 base engine was now rated at 200  bhp (150  kW) and the optional LT1 engine was now rated at 270  bhp (200  kW). [12]  1974 models had the last true dual exhau st system that was dropped on the 1975 models with the introduction ofcatalytic converters  requiring the use of no-lead fuel. Engine power decreased with the base ZQ3 engine producing 165  bhp (123  kW), the optional L82's output 205  bhp (153  kW), while the 454 big-block engine was discontinued. Gradual power increases after 1975 peaked with the 1980 model's optional L82 producing 230  bhp (172  kW). [9]Styling changed subtly throughout the generation until 1978 for the car's 25th anniversary. The Sting Ray nameplate was not used on the 1968 model, but Chevrolet still referred to the Corvette as a Sting Ray; however, the 1969 (through 1976) models used the â€Å"Stingray† name as one word, without the space. [30]  In 1970, the body design was updated including fender flares, and interiors were refined, which included redesigned seats. Due to government regulation,[citation needed]  the 1973 Corvette's chrome front  bumper  was changed to a 5-mile-per- hour (8  km/h)system with a  urethane  bumper cover. 973 Corvettes are unique in that sense, as they are the only year where the front bumper was polyurethane and the rear retained the chrome two-piece bumper set. 1973 was also the last year chrome bumpers were used. The optional wire-spoked wheel covers (left) were offered for the last time in 1973. From 1974 onwards both the front and rear bumpers were polyurethane. [pic] [pic] 1974 Corvette Stingray Coupe In 1974, a 5-mile-per-hour (8  km/h) rear bumper system with a two-piece, tapering urethane bumper cover replaced the  Kamm-tail  and chrome bumper blades, and matched the new front design from the previous year. 975 was the last year for the convertible, (which did not return for 11 years) and  Dave McLellan  succeeded  Zora Arkus-Duntov  as the Corvette's Chief Engineer. [31]  For the 1976 models the fiberglass floor was replaced with steel panels to provide protection from the  catalytic converter's hi gh  operating temperature. Stingray 15 model years where the names Corvette, Sting Ray, and Stingray were synonymous. 1977 was last year the tunneled roof treatment with vertical back window was used, in addition leather seats were available at no additional cost for the first time.The black exterior color returned after a six-year absence. [32] The 1978 25th Anniversary model introduced the  fastback  glass rear window and featured a new interior and dashboard. Corvette's 25th anniversary was celebrated with the Indy 500 Pace Car limited edition and a Silver Anniversary model featuring silver over gray lower body paint. All 1979 models featured the previous year's pace car seats and offered the front and rear  spoilers  as optional equipment. [13]  In 1980, the Corvette received an integratedaerodynamic  redesign that resulted in a significant reduction in  drag.After several years of weight increases, 1980 Corvettes were lighter as engineers trimmed both body and c hassis weight. [8]  In mid-1981, production shifted from  St. Louis, Missouri  to  Bowling Green, Kentucky, and several two-tone paint options were offered. The 1981 models were the last available with a manual transmission until well into the 1984 production run. In 1982, a fuel-injected engine returned, and a final C3 tribute Collectors Edition featured an exclusive, opening rear window hatch. [8] 1980–1982 [pic] [pic] 1980 Corvette CoupeIn 1980, both front and rear bumper covers were restyled with integrated  aerodynamicspoilers that resulted in a significant reduction in drag and increased radiator air flow. The hood was also restyled. The crossed-flag emblems disappeared from the front fenders and were revised to a more elongated style on the nose and fuel door. L-82 emblems moved from the hood to the front fenders on cars ordered with the optional high performance engine. This was the finale for the L-82, now producing 230  hp (172  kW) but it could not be mated to a 4-speed, as the manual gearbox was offered only with the base engine.The speedometer in all cars read to a maximum of 85  mph (137  km/h), mandated by a new and controversial federal law. Air conditioning became standard, as did the tilt-telescopic steering column, power windows, exterior sport mirrors, and the convenience group. New was an optional roof panel carrier that would mount to the rear  fastback  deck. [31]  Many weight-saving components were introduced including thinner body panels and an aluminum Dana 44 IRS (Independent Rear Suspension) differential and crossmember.The new lighter unit replaced the arguably stronger cast iron GM 10 bolt IRS differential. [30]In line with further weight savings, the aluminum intake manifold associated with L-82 engines since 1978 was now installed in all cars. For the first time, due to California emission considerations, a unique engine application was installed in cars delivered to that state and was mandatory. T his motor was a 305  cu  in (5. 0  L)  V8 engine  rated at 180  hp (134  kW), fitted with new tubular stainless steel exhaust manifolds, and mated to an automatic transmission, also mandatory.The carburetor and ignition timing were controlled by Chevrolet’s new Computer Command Control system. The smaller displacement engine was not available in any other state. California buyers were credited $50 as consolation but had to pay for the California emissions certification which was $250. For comparison, the L-48 350  cu  in (5. 7  L) engine, standard in the other 49 states, was rated at 190  hp (142  kW). The base price increased four times during the model year raising the cost of the car by more than $1,200 to $14,345,24. [3]In 1981, there was only one powerplant available, a 350  cu  in (5. 7  L) engine that, like the L-48 base engine the previous year, produced 190  hp (142  kW), but was now designated the L81. The motor was certified in all states and available with manual or automatic transmissions. Chrome air cleaner lids and cast magnesium valve covers dressed up all engines. The stainless steel exhaust manifolds and computer control system introduced on the 305  cu  in (5. 0  L) California engines the previous year were now standard, as was an auxiliary electric engine cooling fan.This, the last C3 available with a manual transmission, so equipped, had a published 0-60  mph in 8. 1  seconds. This model year was the first to use a plastic rear spring, now a Corvette trademark. The spring saved thirty-six pounds, but was limited to base suspensions with automatic transmission. When equipped with Delco's new optional ETR (Electronically Tuned Receiver) radio with digital clock, the quartz analog instrument panel clock was replaced with an oil temperature gauge. The cast aluminum wheels, optional since ’76, were now ordered on 90 percent of the cars at a cost of $428. 3]  New options included a powe r adjustable driver’s seat and power remote outside mirrors. In mid-1981 production shifted from  St. Louis, Missouri  to  Bowling Green, Kentucky, and several two-tone paint options were offered. [pic] [pic] 1982 Corvette Coupe 1982 saw the debut of the â€Å"Cross-Fire Injection† fuel delivery system. This TBI (Throttle Body Fuel Injection) was not the type of  fuel injection  installed previously in some C1 and C2 Corvettes. It utilized two throttle bodies combined with Chevrolet’s computer control system. 3]  The engine produced 200  hp (149  kW) and was mated to a new four-speed automatic transmission with torque converters bypass in the top three gears. Compared to the previous  Turbo-Hydramatic  3-speed, the new 700-R4 transmission had a lower first and second gear for improved low-end acceleration, and a fourth gear  overdrive  that would reduce engine RPM by 30 percent at highway cruising speeds, resulting in better fuel economy. On the downside, the new transmission was not considered a strong unit and proved problematic. [32]  The final model C3 Corvette's published performance numbers were 0-60 in 7.   seconds-the quarter-mile in 16. 1 @ 85  mph (137  km/h). This was the last year for 8-track tape availability and new â€Å"cross-fire injection† emblems appeared on front fenders. Nose and fuel door crossed-flags emblems changed to a more squared design. Chevrolet knew this would be the last year of an entire generation of Corvettes and so commemorated the occasion by offering a Collector Edition with separate serial number sequencing, silver-beige paint, unique wheels patterned after the 1967 model's bolt-on alloys, and an operable rear hatch window. [33] [edit]Special models

Defying Tradition Essay

Article Title: Funny women flourish in female-written comedies What information seems the most important? Note key points mentioned in the article. Call it The â€Å"Bridesmaids† Effect: Ever since the R-rated 2011 comedy became a runaway hit †¦ a rash of female-written comedies are enticing viewers with provocative new characters who are more like women we know. â€Å"‘Bridesmaids’ I think opened up a door to allow women to show a bunch of different women in different ways of being funny. Since then, women have been finding a voice in comedy more than ever before. Headland says the new breed of funny female writers arose out of frustration, and feminism Actresses such as Kendrick, Snow, Wilson and others say these new female-created characters look and sound more like actual women they know. â€Å"You’re not going to solve the problem, but you can start the conversation,† Headland said. â€Å"I think part of your job, especially as a woman, i s to let yourself be a little ugly and to show uglier parts of yourself. That’s your job as a female artist.† Look at the key points and organize any that are related. Call it The â€Å"Bridesmaids† Effect: Ever since the R-rated 2011 comedy became a runaway hit †¦ a rash of female-written comedies are enticing viewers with provocative new characters who are more like women we know. Headland says the new breed of funny female writers arose out of frustration, and feminism. Actresses such as Kendrick, Snow, Wilson and others say these new female-created characters look and sound more like actual women they know. â€Å"You’re not going to solve the problem, but you can start the conversation,† Headland said. â€Å"I think part of your job, especially as a woman, is to let yourself be a little ugly and to show uglier parts of yourself. That’s your job as a female artist.† â€Å"‘Bridesmaids’ I think opened up a door to allow women to show a bunch of different women in different ways of being funny. Since then, women have been finding a voice in comedy more than ever before. What do the key points i n each group have in common?

Roosevelt and Hoover essays

Roosevelt and Hoover essays When categorizing President Franklin D. Roosevelt, many will say that he was a liberal, and that his predecessor, President Herbert C. Hoover was a conservative. However, these characterizations of the two men, are not completely true, and both men used views from each category to help with the depression. Both men had to be flexible in order to have a chance at saving the economy, Hoovers original conservative ideas had to bend to liberal ways, and Roosevelts liberal beliefs were used to protect conservatism. Perhaps the best way to visualize the two presidents beliefs, is by using a Venn-diagram, with both men falling in the middle section of moderate. Hoovers original idea of running the nation on a strictly laissez-faire system, can be placed under the category of Conservative. He felt that the fall of the economy was the result of a business cycle that the country would naturally find its way out of debt. He didn'tt want to have the government intervene by trying to pull the country out of debt. Hoover felt that with government intervention, citizens freedom would be taken away by the large bureaus that were being established. In the beginning, Hoover felt that ...Economic depression cannot be cured by legislative action or executive pronouncement... and that the only way to deal with the depression was through a laissez-faire system. President Hoover soon realized that even though he believed that this was the valley of a business cycle, that the valley was turning into an abyss, and not showing any signs of turning into a hill. Going against his original ideas, he started to take liberal measures in a conservative manner. He proposed change and encouragement from the government at ...national, state, and local... levels.Although the changes he suggested were small, such as doubling the construction workers budget to provide new jobs for the...

Poetry Analysis Essay the Relationship between Form and Content

Poetry Analysis Essay the Relationship between Form and Content Poetry Analysis Essay: the Relationship between Form and Content If you have been assigned with the task of writing a poetry analysis essay you may be wondering where to begin and what details you should cover when discussing a particular piece. Here are some tips that you can use to make this task more manageable and, in the course of your writing, gain a deeper understanding of the particular poem you are discussing. Many students will analyze a poem using a few common factors. These include: The language that is used in the piece itself including the choice of specific words by the poet; Specific imagery that the poet chose to include in the poem; The social factors that may have affected the poet when writing a specific poem. This is the content part here and all of these factors are very important for you to look at when you are writing a poetry analysis essay and all three of them look at the same element: the actual words that the poet used. However, when you limit yourself to examining the language itself, there is a lot of meaning and nuance that you are potentially missing out. What Poetry Is about? On the surface, it may appear as though a poet is trying to convey one meaning. After spending time digging down deeper into the poem and looking at it more closely it may become more evident that the poet had an entirely different thought or meaning in mind when he or she wrote a particular piece of a verse. When you look at the content and form separately, you have two different aspects that draw varied pictures. But when you analyze these two factors together, they can illustrate a very different story because a particular form can strengthen or weaken the utterance of an author and that must be taken into account. With that in mind, while looking into the form you need to pay attention to: How the verses are broken up; What the rhyming structure is; Whether the poet uses the traditional iambic pentameter system for their poem or a different metric system; Whether particular sections are repeated for effect or to convey a message. Each of these parts can affect a poem’s meaning and discounting them may lead to the fact that you miss what the writer is trying to say. For example, if a poet continues to repeat certain structures in a particular piece, it may mean that the theme expressed in the echo is much more important than you may initially believe. How Do You Break down the Poem and Make It Easier to Analyze? Breaking down the poem can actually make it easier to analyze. It is helpful to first look at the poet themselves. Finding out about their life and the era in which they lived can give you some valuable insight that may help you accurately analyze what they have written. Breaking the poem down stanza by stanza and looking at the form of each verse can help you look for the clues and information that you will want to include in your essay. For example, you can look at important elements such as: The tone of each verse. Does it change throughout the course of the poem? Does this tonal change contain important information about the poem? What is the structure of the stanza itself? Does it stay consistent throughout or is a particular verse written in a different structure? Is that differing structure repeated throughout the piece or is it simply an anomaly meant to highlight a particular image or idea? Which Aspects of the Poems Form Should You Focus on? If you are writing an essay and want to discuss the form of a piece you may be unsure of how to work these discussion points into the body of your essay. It doesn’t have to be hard if you keep a few important steps in mind. The first is to figure out what the thesis or basic idea behind your essay will be. This can help you by narrowing down specific stylistic points to focus on. Sometimes the style or form of a poem can be complicated and trying to write about every aspect of it may be overwhelming and may even seem confusing and disorganized for the reader. By narrowing down your commentary to specific aspects of a poem’s style you may find it easier to get your point across and lead your reader to the conclusion you want them to make. Once you start looking at a particular poem in depth you will begin to see how a stylistic point can become more or less important and this will help you determine whether it has a place in your essay or not. At you can buy an essay online which will be 100% custom written from scratch. All you need is to place your order  at our site!

Write an annotation entry consisting of a Citation, a brief Summary, Annotated Bibliography

Write an annotation entry consisting of a Citation, a brief Summary, and a short paragraph Evaluation of the text below - Annotated Bibliography Example Research by Kolbert in four continents shows that human activities threaten all species that inhabit the planet. According to Kolbert, large numbers of plants and animals are dying. Kolbert says in that â€Å"Up to 50 percent of all living species are in danger of disappearing by the end of the century.† The information in the video is vital because the balance of the ecosystem is declining rapidly. The different species that inhabit the earth are the reason for the existence of sustainable environment for all of us. Activities such as â€Å"†¦fossil fuel consumption, ocean acidification, pollution, deforestation, forced migration†¦Ã¢â‚¬  among others, kill plant and animals (Kolbert n.p.). As a result, a harsh environment that cannot support life develops. The information in the video is sensitive to a balanced environmental existence that every individual desire. To sum up, the creation of sustainable communities through green action plans is an imperative key for human survival. The sustainability is achievable through reducing overreliance on fossil fuel, minimizing the levels of carbonates and sulphates in oceans, and encouraging afforestation. Land reclamation in areas where pollution due to human activities is also an important gesture of commitment to restore a safer environment for all species. As such, all green movement societies should raise their eyebrows and condemn human activities that disrupt the balance of the

Evolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Evolution - Essay Example The effects of evolution, while difficult to prove, have left an archeological record that gives us a picture of how and why evolution occurs. One of the most basic and fundamental forms of evolution occurs when a virus or bacterial agent mutates to become immune to the drugs that are developed to treat them. HIV is a particularly challenging agent to overcome through drug therapy. According to Luskin, "HIV is particularly prone to "evolution" (i.e. change) because of its high replication and mutation rate--nearly one mutation per replication". The physical characteristics of the HIV virus adapt to the agents designed to kill it. While we can measure and observe this in HIV, "The amount of genetic informational change between rapidly mutating virus strains, such as HIV, is miniscule compared to the type of informational changes required in the wild to create new body plans or biochemical pathways" (Luskin). This is evolution being accomplished at the most basic level. Just as HIV evolves as a group, higher life forms also experience change over time to adapt to their environment. Ancient environmental events forced animals to adapt to a new environment and nature accentuated the differences.

Quantitative Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Quantitative Analysis - Assignment Example The study aims at both determining the effects of poverty on children’s psychology and how the effects subsequently influence different behaviours as well as to determine effects of a chaotic environment on children’s cortisol. This study involves families of children less than four years old selected from two geographical regions that report high poverty rates and which are Eastern North Carolina and Central Pennsylvania. A sample of 1292 children and families who live in the geographical areas are selected by the researchers for this study (p. 2669). Participants are carefully selected from disadvantaged families and sample selection is carried out over a twelve months period so as to ensure selection of a highly representative sample that improves the quality of the research findings, 51% of the children are male and 43% of the sampled children are African American (Blair et. all, 2013 p. 2669). Income-to-need ration is used to measure the levels of poverty for the different families that are used in this study which is calculated during every visit and a ratio of 1 or less than 1 qualifies a family for this study while Chaos in the household are measured using the number of changes in the primary and secondary caregiver, the number of people in the household as well as the number of moves in the house. All these are weighted to give an aggregate of the level of disorganization and chaos in the household by measuring the child’s behaviour and temperaments using a predetermined scale with scales from 1-10 (p 2669) included in the question that the child’s parent fills during every visit by the researchers. The child’s intelligence is measured using a predetermined formula foe intelligence quotient, which is important in determining the child’s cognitive abilities. However, this questionnaire on the child’s intelligence is administered when the child is thirty six months old. All

The Business Plan Of 643744 Company

The Business Plan Of 643744 Company This business plan provides to shareholders and customers an analysis and evaluation of the prospective marketing capability, product capability, and profitability of small computer industry-643744 Company in three years by running business simulation SimVenture. 643744 Company designs products, and sales superior computers, focusing on the professional services customers. Based on the investigation of resources, strengths, and capabilities competitive, customer, and environmental issues, company establishes their vision, mission, and achieving goals over three financial years. The companys vision is Walking in the forefront of times. The mission and goals have been represented in table 1. Currently, the basic salary of the owner is planned  £1500 per month. Table : The Companys mission and goals in following 3 years Year Mission Goals 1st Year Our products must be: Sophisticated in quality Offer good value Beautiful artistic style, and Philosophically inspiring Our role is to play a vigorous part in markets. We can improve people lives to be happier and effective through their use of our products. Devising the idea design to meet customers needs Accomplishing above 50 orders 300 products 2nd year To be the No.1 computer service company in the world and among the premier industrial concerns in terms of quality, profitability and growth, through innovative leadership. Enlarge its markets Accomplishing 100 orders 1000 products 3rdYear To be the preeminent building block supplier to the worldwide electronics business. Achieving 150 orders monthly 1500 products Targeting global markets 643744 Company followed the strategic planning process (Ferrell Hartline, 2011:32), which was separated into 4 sections. It focuses on integration of effort to achieving operation, sales and marketing, human resource (HR), and finance stated objective (Ferrell Hartline, 2011:39). In the sales and marketing section, it analyses the market prospect though marketing research and customer research. Then it provides marketing strategy and risk management plan, dealing with marketing promotion via advertising channels to achieve customer needs and build customer values. In operation, it involves in the strategy of the Supply chain management (SCM), the Just-in-time (JIT) inventory control, and outsourcing management. In HRM, it focuses on employee recruitment, training and evaluation. Functional strategy aims to meet companys mission, goals and objectives. It also evaluates the effort on organizations sales, costs, image, and profitability. Finally, the business plan explains financial r isks management, and reveals the cashflow and the profit and loss forecasts over three years. This program conducted has limitations on that the business will not be registered for VAT in software SimVenture calculation. Sales marketing Marketing research Via a range of Ad hoc research (Jobber Fahy, 2009:85), company targeted at professional services market. According to the market report (Figure 12 in appendix), by contrast with other 5 segments, the professional services have 2415 market shares with 24 months order frequency. It has to succeed by good quality, good style, and above javerage features. Thus, the fixed cost can be generally calculated in  £450 per unit. It has more potential interests under the typical price than solo business and service companies. Competitor research 643744 Companys competitive strategy focuses on new product developing strategy to be a low-cost manufacturer and improve the cost-effectiveness of production process (Czinkota, 2000:268-269). According to the competition research and analysis (Figure 13 and table 19 in appendix), companys competitor, Parry systems, is a medium size maker of fashionable computers in professional services market. In the company competitive strategy, firstly, managers can influences on consumer behavior in buying situation by affording information-rich communication through advertising and the sales forces (Fill McKee, 2012:75-79). Thus, company supports marketing promotions applying institutional and product advertising (Ferrell Hartline, 2011:299), via different channels. Additionally, though the Voice of customer (VOC), company can offer marketing programs to raise customer satisfaction and create long-term reputation (Ferrell Hartline, 2011:354). Czinkota (2000:104) commented that a successful c ompany should focus on the differentiation of chief players in the marketplace, which will react to the companys changes in business tactic, rather than customers reactions on new product or business strategy. Sales and marketing strategy On the marketing promotion strategy, The 643744 Company performed in transation market, personal selling, and distributor sales channels, taking suggestion from Jobber and Fahys theory (2009:230). It explains that the consumer and trade promotion could be considered through those 11 approaches (Figure 1), including price discounts, premiums, money off, allowances, free goods, and loyalty cards etc. Figure : Consumer and Trade promotion (Sources: Jobber Fahy, 2009:230) In the pricing strategy, the price changes and setting might occur over the products life cycle (PLC) (Ferrell Hartline, 2011: 239), which is also influenced by costs, competitions and marketing (Hobber Fahy, 2009:194). Homozi (et al., 2002:755) believes the most central point is where the pricing strategy realistically places the business in comparison to the competition. Based on the monthly customer research and break-even analysis, company apply the price penetration strategy (Czinkota 2000:513), and pricing promotion strategies. However, the strategy is a continuous process rather than a single event (Pollard and Hotho, 2006). The further information is illustrated in the table 2: Table : marketing promotion planned strategy The 643744 Company focuses on the international market in the future, which is the most effective management of B2B operations (Lages, Abrantes, Lages, 2008, cited in Sharland, 2001; Katsikeas, 2006). However, this is remarkable considering that although small business is not able to compete on price with large international companies (Lages, Abrantes Lages, 2008). Day (1984:102-103) recommends, management general strategies could be considered by increasing sales volume, or improved productivity or margins (Figure 2). Nevertheless, it is difficult to evaluate the factual scanty order and insufficient profitability in marketing strategy. Customer satisfaction depends on their exceed expectation, which is created by pre-buying experiences and discussion with other customers (Jobber Fahy, 2009:6). Therefore, strategically, the product design is the key to entry into professional service market, which can be succeeded in minimum two months. Then managers need to improve their product design by monthly customer research, due to the PLC theory (Fill McKee, 2012:44). Additionally, Company determines to contract out automatically by normal quality within 5 minutes on testing to prevent faulty products and build business reputation. Purchasing A successful supply chain management (SCM) can fetch competitive advantage and better margins (Fill McKee, 2012:182). Company selects ProSupply supplier with more flexible payment terms, which has been considered its insufficient order quantity at introduction stage of the PLC. As the marketing expanded, suppliers could be changed to Sourceline or MegaParts with more discounts (Planed in the table 4). One of SCM risk is the approach of cooperation with upstream associates to obtain efficient and effective supply of materials ¼Ã‹â€ Guido et al., 2008 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °. Nevertheless, Fill and McKee (2012:182) believe that a penny saved here becomes millions saved there. The company relocates working place started into a Small Business Centre that provides partial units, beneficially for new business, and cheaper than other commercial premises. Due to the limitation of Small Business Centre, in the latter two years, managers will rearrange the office into a retail unit. The table 5 represents the detail with calculation. The started-up office resources (Table 6) are one standard office equipment and two premium tools. Having a car can be considered in the third year. In the later two years, the double quantities in each will be required at the end. People The company selected the hard and soft model of human resource management (HRM) that integrates hard and soft HR performance. Price (2011:548, cited in Storey, 1989) believes that People are led rather than managedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦involved in determining and realizing strategic objectives Basic on the initial information of staff skills, business owner required more capabilities training on research, marketing, and sales, etc. it will be improved efficiently by training centre course. The working time will be under 60 hours per week. On the other hand, Setting-up a limited company in law is essential before the business owner goes full-time, which intends to implement after the first year. For the future business expansion, employment contract is required and employees are under controlled in 5 members. Creating statutory contacts with customers is obligatory at the beginning. Finance Forecasting Amir (et al, 2002) argues the lack of liquidity is the greatest threats to start-up business. Cashflow can help businessmen ensure when extra cash requires and plan accordingly. The company has capital  £10,000 in bank balance for starting business. The three-year cashflow forecast and the Profit and loss forecast have described in appendix 2, in the which, the predictive profit is  £311,182 over three years. Additionally, it is essential to prepare a contingency plan (presented in table 7). Through the process of contingency plan, dealing with the immediate consequences of the potential severity is to compensate for the changes, and shift to the minimized impact on the businesses viability. Table : Contingency plan of financial risks (Source: Author) Potential severity Solution Sales are less than forecasted Increasing marketing promotion To do more advertise or personal sales Reduce price Start-up finance takes three months longer to obtain Increasing working hours Using professional Consultant Liabilities, financial crisis in the short term Borrow money from the bank, around  £5,000- £10,000 for 6 months Money required to expand business Borrow money from friends family with lower interest rate in long-term Cash flow interrupted Raising money from banks or friends in a short term The limitation in this business plan is no registered for VAT in software SimVenture. Company decides do bookkeeping in-house to saves cost. Company credit control is under 30 days for deports. If customers credits are overdue one or two months, managers will make a phone call first; if it is overdue three months, company will utilize legal threat in the county court. REFLECTIONS ON THE BUSINESS PLAN Through creating the business plan, I learnt and understood three core points during the process of project. It has been explained in this business plan reflection. Initially, I understand that everything has been relative through the approach of functional strategy (Kazmi, 2008:435) in the business plan. Any analysis could not be totally separated into specific objective during considering of all information. For me, the first significant experience was to learn the way of consideration from the overall point of view. Previously, I thought the plan could be distinct from marketing, operation, HRM and finance aspects, same as their subordinate factors. Later, I noticed that, in operation section, I had to ensure the product design and how many components required. Then I can select SCM strategy, improving productivity, and setting price based on gross margin according to the fixed cost. I realised all elements were strongly associated by business activities. Having reading extra references (Quran: Surah Al Hajj, verse 22:76), now I believe that everything happens for a strong connection and for a reason. Additionally, I have learnt that nothing can be absolutely identified as good or bad. Daft (2012:191) recommends the advantage of start-up business is that entrepreneurs are able to create and grow the business in their own way. It is similar as traditional Chinese medicine. One herb can save peoples life, also can be poison capturing their life, which depends on the approach of using it. This understanding is essential to me as a practitioner. As a next step, I need to arrange my planning structure more strategically and comprehensively. Secondly, several of information could not be predictive in the business plan due to the special marketing period and the PLC and timelessness. As stated by Romano and Ratnatunga (1995), small and emerging firms face marketing critical issues for their survival and growth. For me, the meaningful aspect is the awareness to economic issues in the world and the PLC period in the market. In the Simventure, it does not need to consider the real global environment, at the same time, managers not need to care about more than one competitor. Although, the simulate system makes the process of business plan become easier, in the real world, those aspects can become core issues and hard, especially when the company attempts to expand global markets. However, I am conscious of the marketing information and products analysis has timeliness, which has been strongly related with global economic events. Nowak and Washburn (1988) also prove that timeliness is one of core elements focused by marketing research clients. Therefore, in the next time, I need to do more researches and consider about business environments by timeliness in the real business world. For me, the most meaningful experiences are the self-education that, as a top manager, to put all the information together, and maintain a big picture view while concurrently keeping an eye on the details (Ferrell Hartline, 2011:256). Previously, I read various theories and references based on trail Simventure. It covers the knowledge about marketing management, human resource management, financial management, international management, and management process, etc. Subsequently, the crucial information are selected and organized. Therefore, I understand, the process of doing assignment has specific procedures. Firstly, it needed to unearth modules of process, and determine the objective, mission and goals. Next, I identified core issues by functional objectives. To the question, I went to research required references and resources, providing constructive business plan. Finally, I will evaluate and prove decision-making strategies in management reports. Equally, this could be related to all project processes, not only in the business area. For example, when I map out any new field, I can go through the process with to identify goals, outline the targeting vital objectives in new field, and then to evaluation outcomes. Having this project, I found the key to acquiring proficiency in any task is the way how to study, in which, more is self-educated with unforgettable experiences. In the next project, I need to balance the macroscopic and microcosmic views with a lucid outline. Overall, I reflected three central points of building business plan. Firstly, all objectives have a relative connection by reasons, which could not be clearly separated. Secondly, business strategies and implementation have timeliness in the entire process. Finally, self-education is the key to open every field, which also require maintaining a big view with an eye in detail. THE MANAGEMENT ANNUAL REPORT OF 643744 COMPANY Executive summary 643744 Company is committed to operating computer business in the world widely, focusing on products design and production in professional services marketing. It has been established since January 2013 for three years, with capital  £10,000. Companys vision is Walking in the forefront of the times. 643744 Company aims to be a preeminent building block supplier of fashionable computer in the global market. Managers set up their mission and long-term goals for three years running business, aiming to improve innovative products and services, stepwise achieve profitable growth (Reading, 2002:360). Generally, the main achievement of 643744 Company is by product design, marketing promotion and business forecast, which follows JIT management process theory. In finance, at the end of 2015, the company has value  £1,469,003.6177, net profit  £21,925.8363, current liability  £112,245, and no long-term liability. Moreover, 643744 Company was invested by grants for  £1000 on employees training and research. By financial analysis of 643744 Company, in 2015, its ratio of ROCE (Return on Capital Employed) has achieved 59%, therein  £167,671 current assets, and  £282,562 current liabilities. Its current ratio, for measuring liquidity of company, is 3.43. The asset turnover, for measuring utilization of companys assets, is 3.51. In sales and marketing, 643744 Company applied marketing strategies (Ferrell Hartline, 2011) and international management theory (Deresky, 2010), with various marketing promotion and sales channels, resulted in brilliant corporate reputation in the international marketing. Over three years, the total investment of marketing advertising is  £47,175, including newspaper, TV or radio, direct marketing, the public relations building, business club, premium websites, exhibition, and relative premises. It goes via different sales channels, containing traditional sales, personal selling, and distributor sales. However, the company won a wonderful reputation by prestigious advertising. Through three years, 643744 Company sold approximately 3400 items, which has exceeded 1000 units than business pervious plan. In operation, in 2013, 643744 Company applied operational management strategy (Brown, et al., 2005:67), involving in SCM, JIT, PLC theories. According monthly customer research, this suitable design keeps meeting customers needs, and no need to reset. The fantastic products of professional serves completes with 79% quality, 47% performance, 79% features, and 97% style. It totally requires with 65 components. Additionally, the company offered excellent reasonable price with 30 day credits, and discount pricing promotion, which is based on Jobber Fahy (2009:204) pricing strategies. It is satisfied by customers as well. In organization, during those three years, the organization of 643744 Company expanded maturely, which followed organizational management strategies (Daft, 2012). At the end of 2015, the company had three workers, except business owner, Ian and Mark. Business owner went to full-time job in 2013. Additionally, the companys premise started at a small business centre, then changed to retail unit and the business park. Overall, 643744 Company managers realized several issue about the company premises arrangement, financial cashflow risk management, marketing promotion selection and implementation. Firstly, it is difficult to calculate the utilizing space of premises for running long-term business, due to unexpected growth of product sales in a started-up business. Additionally, credit control is a key factor in finance for a successful small company, which related its monthly cashflow and bank balance. The shortage of cash influences on SCM, resulted in stopping components delivery. Otherwise, the company will lose all of orders and customers in next month. Especially, once the company entre into globalization, it will be more difficult to collect debts. Finally, the marketing promotion has plenty of methods. Not all of them fit professional service, which needs to be measured and researched by managers experience in marketing. Eventually, even though, in the simulated Simventure, this company not needs to be registered for VAT, in real world which has to be forecasted. It is significantly important in the international business, particularly on export products and import components. The first year management annual report Business details The 643744 Company Inc. is a small new company, providing computer design and production in the world widely. In the 2013 financial year, it achieved profits with  £2,661 by  £10,000 capital. Companys mission and goals: Mission: Companys products must be sophisticated in quality, offer good value, beautiful artistic style, and philosophically inspiring. As a vigorous part in the market, company has capability improve people lives through their use of companys products. Goals: Company devises the idea design to meet customers needs and compete with competitors, And accomplishing 50 orders and 300 products of product at end of year. Key staff members Company owner goes full time in September 2013, at the end with  £1,300 on salary. Sales and Marketing During running the business of 643744 Company in the 1st year, the core issue involved in the sales that did not catch the predicted value and delayed the business planning goals. Additionally, the scenarios of the business was making business managers concerned, which increased their stress level and declined the efficiency of organizational work. This was caused by business performance instability that presented in the lack of order and sale. This problem threatened the companys reputation that is the most valuable assets for a film (Haywood, 2002:112). However, the company decided to implement marketing strategy, as below, for enhancing the sales and orders to meet the planning profit. The certain solution of symptom has two approaches. These are basic on the marketing strategy Days theory (1984:102-103) in business plan (Figure 2). Internally, managers were constantly in a state of training, with no knowledge where it should be heading (It has been explained more in the organization section). Externally, the promotional and marketing research activities were developed, in order to achieve the sales quantity in short-term and long-term. This view was supported by Rowley (1998:383, cited in Mercer, 1996: 309): The ideal form of promotion is the conversation, which takes places between the expert sales professional and his or her customer. It is interactive and conversation is specific to the needs of both. Other forms of promotion, which deal in the average needs of groups of people can only hope to approximate to this ideal. Firstly, managers applied various marketing promotion to advert its products, and build companys reputation. It followed the previous business plan. Rowley (1988:384) suggests the tool of promotion mix can be advertising, direct marketing, sales promotion, personal selling, and sponsorship, which could be combinative or individually utilized. It had been applied in the first year and represented in the table 9. Through the implementation of marketing promotions, company realized the direct marketing was not effective as in the supported theory. Jobber Fahy (2009:255) claimed unlike many other forms of communication, direct marketing usually requires an immediate response. Unfortunately, due to the result in 2013, the 5 months promotion on direct marketing did not bring plentiful customers to the firm. It was proved by monthly customer research. The reason behind of it could be the organization of company was not mature enough. The total cost nearly caught the marketing promotion budget in table 3. Second one is the implement of pricing rise or fall strategy (Jobber Fahy, 2009:204) in pricing promotion. Since May 2013, company had set price at  £670 per unit with 3% discount for 3 month. Strategically, company still had  £162 interest per unit. Consequently, the number of order quantity (Finger 3) rose from 2 orders in April to 12 orders in May. Substantially, the sales were continuing growth up. Figure : The order quantity in the first year Operation In the first year, 643744 Company implemented the product design after 4 months researching and designing. The product had 79% quality, 47% performance, 79% features, and 97% style in 65 components, which had better design than in the business plan (Table 3), represented in figure 4. The Component was purchased from ProSupply by  £7.50 per item as planning. Figure : Product design comparing with competitor and panned design In SCM, company decided retaining the current supplier rather than changing another supplier right now with more discounts. The reason behind of it was the payment to supplier. Company could not pay off all of credits by 30 days, due to without enough liquidity. This potential financial risk leads to the increasing fixed cost of production. However, the operation management planned to improve it in the next year. Organization Since in February 2013, 643744 Company had relocated at Small Business Centre ( £15 per sq ft) with 300 sq ft for one year, and fortified office resources as planned in table 5. The only issue in organization was the requirement of developing office recourses and employment in organization. It was causes of the limitation on the working time and the shortage of production equipment and tools. Consequently, the productivity and working effectiveness had been impacted, as well as the tiredness of employee. However, the Company followed in the business plan, applying hard HRM model into organization. After managers solved out the limitation of company set-up, customer and employment contracts, business owner went full-time work in September. Bratton Gold (2007: 324) argues many firms neglect Human resource development (HRD), as a central, other than to keep production in shape. Thus, the vocational training was required instantly on marketing, production, sales, and research, which had implemented by  £500 training grant supported. It enhanced productivity and proved by working effectiveness in the Simventure. However, the Company plans to recruit 2 more employees in the following financial years. Finance 643744 Company had been facing a potential liquidity issue on finance in the first year. According to the first year annual report (Table 20), too lower sales and massive debtors restrained the companys cashflow, as described by Fiedler, Brown Moloney (2002:40) in the finger 5. Thus, the money of paying purchasing was limited, which impacted on operation strategy and companys profitability. Figure : The overlap of market, credit and liquidity risk (Source: Fiedler, Brown Moloney, 2002:40) For this financial crisis, the company decided to develop marketing capability and credit control, rather than increasing long-term liabilities. Due to the low profitability monthly, additional long-term liabilities only would lead company into stressed market conditions. However, the credit control has been set up, as in the business plan finance section. Consequently, the current liability was  £38,524.575 2013 with 237sales quantity, and  £2660.9687 net profit at the end of December. On the other hand, Company obtained  £500 grant on Training by this year. Managers selected to do bookkeeping in-house. The second year management annual report Business details The 643744 Company was committed to technologies and products that focused on Professional Services selling field. It united the goals of customer value with sustainable development in the world widely. In the 2014 financial year, the company had achieved  £751,628 on sales. Companys goals were to enlarge its markets, and accomplished 100 orders and 1000 products at end of year. Key staff members Company owners salary was  £1,300. In April 2014, the company employed one staff-Ian for  £14500 per year, with 40 per week working hours, and 4 weeks holiday per year. Sales and Marketing In 2014, 643744 Company aimed to expand its markets and increase their regular sales to 1000, as described in the business plan to prepare into international market. According to the last year reserved profits, it was necessary to attract more loyal customers and enlarge the profitability substantially, in order to avoid raising credit risk and decreasing portfolio values (Fiedler, Brown Moloney, 2002:38). In this case, the price discount and money off could be applied into Simventure. The company decided to develop sales strategy promotion and advertising strategy to boost sales over the short term (Gabriel, Kottasz Bennett, 2006:506). The first solution is managing price by using promotional discounting tactics. Since January until March 2014, the company had set price promotion with 3% discount on  £670 per unit for three months. According to the break-even analysis, the company could obtain net interests  £162 per unit. As a result, during those three months, the number of sales had notably boosted to above 90 orders. Moreover, the planned price penetration strategy was unsuitable at this year growth stage in PLC. Strategically, managers applied competitor-orientated pricing strategy (Jobber Fahy, 2009:196) to change base price to  £680 and provided 2% discount, which retrained for 4 months from April. Particularly, after the company changed to SourceLine supplier, the interest can reach to  £240 per unit. Consequently, the sales order reserved to 105 units in July 2014. The order quantity (Figure 6) proved that the price strategy was effective. Figure : The order quantity in the second year Secondly, the company decided to improve marketing strategy. The Company desired to enhance the visibility and good corporate reputation in a new era of computer marketing. According to the sample survey of customer research, managers analysed the efficiency of all marketing promotion methods, resulted as Figure 7. Thus, the Company directly focused on adverts promotion and premium website rather than direct marketingthat parts budget moved to advertising as well. Figure : The analysis of marketing promotion in the first year and second year Obviously, advertising promotion had more efficiency in figure 7. Hackley (2005:84) recommend advertising can swiftly build the awareness of audience. As stated by Levinson (2007:175), most small business owner never ever consider advertising on magazines, due to the lack knowledge of regional editions, remnant space, in-house agency discount etc. By provided information of advertising in the Figure 8, trade magazine had high effectiveness. Thus, the Company decided to spend more on trade magazine with  £8,400. Figure : The advertising efficiency of Professional services In this year, the company had invested  £14,110 on marketing promotion overall, which was in excess of the promotion budget around  £2,000, listed in table 3: However, those sales and marketing promotion leaded the company increase the sales. At the end of this year, the company has sold out 1127 items totally, and achieved more than 130 orders monthly. Operation 643744 Company aimed to develop SCM with JIT management process for controlling liquidity risks. In the Ap