Thursday, December 26, 2019

Effects of Child Abuse on Child Development - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2746 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/03/28 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Child Abuse Essay Did you like this example? While it has been known for a while that there is obviously an extremely high importance of maternal care in child development. Some research now suggests that the importance of this may lie partially on its effects on anxiety-like behaviors and the regulation of the stress reaction in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, also known as the stress response control center, which are both significantly lowered (Ramo-Fernndez et al., 2015). However, an effective opposite, child abuse, also shows may also yield negative consequences. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effects of Child Abuse on Child Development" essay for you Create order Based on data that was collected in 2016 of children raised in the U.S. 9% experience physical abuse and another 4% experience sexual abuse, making for the understanding of its effects of high importance (US Bureau of Children data shit). Where maternal care showed gains in the individuals ability to interact with stress related mechanisms, many of the issues (behavioral, health, psychological) stem from some form of detriment in the individuals ability to cope with these mechanisms. In children experiencing child abuse we see significant increase in the likelihood that theyll experience abuse in other relationships in adulthood, whether they be platonic or intimate relationships. Psychological disorders such as depression, post traumatic stress disorder, suicidality, anxiety not only are experienced at increased rates, but also severity within the population of children experiencing child abuse (Ehlert U. 2013). Additionally, physical health is something that comes into play with th ings such as cardiovascular disease or infections (Norman, et al., 2012). As result of having this many conditions that are interacting with stress mechanisms funding for research focuses on the how these stress reactions are influenced by varying polymorphisms in the genome. While there are many genes that seem to interact in epistatic and pleiotropic ways with stress regulation systems, I will be doing a parallel comparison of two genes: FKBP5 and NR3K1. The FKBP5 gene goes through transcription and translation to form the FK506 binding protein 51. Although the protein gene relationship was only discovered in 1990, many developments in the understanding of the function of this gene have occured (Sanchez, 1990). In the FKBP5 proteins normal function, it intimately interacts with multiple receptors, but the glucocorticoid receptor is of most relevance to us because it is responsible for upregulation of anti-inflammatory proteins and downregulation of proinflammatory proteins (Menke, et al., 2013). The interaction with proteins is important because many forms of issues that correlate with child abuse seem overlap when there is displacement from these proteins normal expression. The FKBP5 gene is activated to down regulate the expression the glucocorticoid receptor in what is known as a negative feedback loop, which when bound to the glucocorticoid receptor prevents its interaction with glucocorticoids like cortisol (Binder, 2009). Altho ugh the FKBP5 protein has several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that could interact with the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor because of potential changes proteins ability to appropriately function; some SNPs that are tested in many forms rs4713902, rs3800373, rs1360780, rs9470080, rs9296158 and rs3777747 (Collip, et al., 2013; Green, et al., 2015). Polymorphisms and Genotypes of FKBP5 Related to Depression Treatment Before the effects of child abuse on this gene and its effects on behavior can be appropriately determined, it is first important to determine what polymorphisms, if any are attributed to varying regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Binder et al. (2004) began the sifting of SNPs by looking for sufficient responsiveness of SNPs of depressed individuals to antidepressant treatment, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and rates of remission beyond points of experimental influence. After an additional initial screening of the FKBP5 gene, consisting of the promoter region and exons, 57 SNPs were used to for analysis, including nine newly discovered genes. Using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale to evaluate the 233 participants, a noteworthy response to the antidepressants and remission was observed in SNPs rs1360780, rs1334894 and rs755658. However, a replication of the analysis of SNPs was conducted to control for a large portion of the gene that was encompassed by a gene linkage band that was found to go 288 kb from the 5 exterior of the gene. The replication resulted in the three polymorphisms, rs4713916, rs1360780 and rs3800373, ultimately were found to have the strongest, sufficient correlation, which are located putative promoter region, intron 2 and 3 untranslated region respectively of the FKBP5 gene. Based on the three SNPs falling into FKBP5 range the study was able to conclude that the substantial association of the responses to treatment was, in fact a result of the FKBP5 gene and not adjacent linked genes. Following the confirmation of these SNPs as notable contributors to treatment reactivity, Binder et al. (2004) then looked to discern whether there was variance in the genotypic expression within any of these polymorphisms. Given the sample of the participants from Bavarian psychiatric hospitals, the only polymorphisms that showed notable expression in the population was the rs1360780. A correlative analysis was then conducted on each of the genotypic expressions of the rs1360780, TT, TC and CC (assuming standard nucleotide pairing). The analysis showed an indicative proportion of the individuals within the rs1360780 polymorphism that experience effects from the antidepressant treatment and remission were those of the homozygous TT genotype. Additionally over the course of their lifetime each individual had more than double the likelihood of experiencing depressive episodes. As a result of the positive results for the varying experiences of those of different genotypes of the rs1360780 SNP, the researchers hypothesized an altered phenotypic expression would be measurable in lymphocytes and plasma cortisol levels. Their hypothesis was accurate on lymphocyte expression with FKBP5 levels being nearly two times the expression in TT versus TC or CC genotypes. However, cortisol levels in the rs1360780 polymorphism found no significant distinguishable representation of plasma cortisol levels. The researchers explain these results by suggesting that these changes in expression may have lead to increased sensitivity of the glucocorticoid receptor due to structure variation in the heterocomplex that interacts with the FKBP5 protein. In later literature it is described that the genotype homologous TT, actually forms a TATA Box complex which is known for its enhancement of the transcription on the rs1360780 polymorphism. It is described that this upregulation could also result in the increased sensitivity that was described here (Klengel et al., 2012). FKBP5 Polymorphisms and Genotypes Related to Child Abuse Following an in depth analysis of the different polymorphisms of the FKBP5 gene that are relatively involved in the regulation of some depressive effects without considering experience; now it is important to consider how these different may polymorphisms may act in conjunction with childhood abuse. Binder et al. (2008) using 900 non-psychiatric clinic patients with significant levels of child abuse and non-child abuse trauma. The level of trauma was determined in individuals by cross-section analysis of the individuals scores using the traumatic events inventory assessment, which importantly describes the majority of non-child abuse trauma occurring in adulthood, and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. This study functionally placed participants into 3 levels for both groups described: none (verbal abusive), 1 type (physical or sexual abuse) and 2 type (physical and sexual abuse). This data was regressionally analyzed to rates of PTSD found in participants that was determined using the PTSD symptom scale (PSS). Lastly and most importantly these individuals were placed categorically based on SNPs expression. These polymorphisms including the three functionally correlated with responsiveness and remission in the previous study (rs4713916, rs1360780, and rs3800373) and five others that spanned a 120 kb range within the FKBP5 gene. The Binder et al (2008) study then does a series of cross-sectional analyses to enlighten the relationships between many of these interplaying factors. Firstly, the comparisons of the non-child abuse and child abuse traumas with the PTSD itself. Non-child abuse and PTSD showed a 5 fold increase when comparing the PSS scores from the individuals that experience the low to high levels of trauma. While the child abuse didnt experience as dramatic an increase in PSS, the scores were significantly higher for each one of the levels. Additionally, the researchers found that when the type 1 and type 2 levels of child abuse and non-child abuse were paired together PSS substantially increased in terms of non-child abuse. This suggests that PTSD symptoms may effectively increase after experience of non-child abuse as a result of having experienced child abuse prior. Immediately this raises the question of whether the functional ability of how that form is changed as result of having childhood abuse. Now the case study looked to investigate the relationship between FKBP5 SNPs and PTSD, including whether child abuse or non-child abuse traumas were mediating factors that could be used as potential predictors of that relationship. Using -log10 to determine main genetic effect, there appeared to be no simple correlation between the FKBP5 polymorphism and PTSD experience within the non-child abuse group. However, in the child abuse trauma group there were three different polymorphisms that showed noteworthy PTSD outcome interaction. Two polymorphisms that were demonstrated in the previous study to show an interaction with depression, rs3800373 and rs1360780, and the third and most crucial rs9296158 found in intron 5, all showed an interrelation with PTSD. These polymorphisms specifically resulted in an additive effect suggesting theyre expression or interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor is directly influenced by trauma experienced in early child development. Additionally, when each of these three polymorphisms were tested for variances in expression based on genotype. Binder et al. (2008) conducted an analysis across the separate genotypes in relation to levels of child trauma for PSS. Each mean PSS increased by a factor of approximately four for the most significant genotypes, although these genotypes were only different from others within the SNP when they were at the highest level of child abuse. This suggests that these genotypically distinguishable polymorphisms may experience a form of stress threshold for early developing children that can lead to proportionally higher PTSD outcomes in adult life. Child Abuse Level Relationship with FKBP5 Methylation To this point there is significant evidence that is connecting the levels of child abuse with multiple polymorphisms that vary in their effects genotypically with stress related disorders; however, as was implied in the last case there seems to be mechanism by which the FKBP5 gene or expression of it that is altered seemingly indefinitely after child abuse trauma experiences. Klengel et al. (2012) is a continuation of the last study through the same lab and looks to determine, whether epigenetic methylation effects on the polymorphisms that have been relevant towards present research could be due to childhood trauma. Since this is a continuation of the previous article, the same forms of collecting participant samples, genotyping and data analysis were conducted. Although, to appropriately to determine methylation of the genome the DNA was bisulfite treated and had pyrosequencing performed. The researchers predicted that child abuse events would lead to demethylation occurring at glucocorticoid response elements (GREs), sequences that directly mediate interaction with the glucocorticoid receptors, in the FKBP5 gene with a high risk genotype. First, the researchers determined by using the Illumina OmniExpress database determined that of the polymorphisms that had already been previously associated that with child abuse effects in PTSD that the rs1360780 was most closely integrated with GREs and was contained in a methylation tagging bin of 192 kb long. Following the determination of the highest risk polymorphism rs1360780, a direct comparison between amount of methylation on the FKBP5 gene GREs of the rs1360780 with both physical and sexual abuse were compared to the individuals that had experienced no form of child abuse. The pyrosequencing showed that of the participants that experienced the high degree of child abuse that the FKBP5 gene GRE demethylation occurred in notably high amounts (5%) on the GREs found in the promoter regions as well as introns 2 and 7. Although when genotypic interaction was assessed with each of the demethylated regions, the researchers found that only the demethylation found in intron 7 was also correlated with the highest risk homozygous alleles and heterozygous risk allele carrier. Determining this correlation, emphasizes the effects of early trauma severity on FKBP5 demethylation in risk allele carriers, but not in protective genotype carriers (Klengel et al. 2012). Klengel et al. (2012) then went on to determine whether the demethylation effects were correlated with the childhood trauma questionnaire scores. They found that not only was there correlation with the individuals that had experienced the highest forms of trauma, but also that there was individual correlations with each categorized form of trauma (physical, emotional, and sexual). Although, the effect size, or the mean total demethylation that occured, of the demethylation events were significant smaller than the individuals that had experience multiple forms of trauma. The researchers concluded as result that demethylation of these portions of the genome was proportional to the amount of childhood trauma experienced. Up to this point in the case study, these researchers have been using DNA samples from peripheral blood cells and wanted to determine whether the methylation effects were transferable to neuronal cells. Dexamethasone, demethylation inducing chemical, was used to treat hippocampal progenitor cells found a considerable overlap in portions of the FKBP5 gene demethylation. The demethylation occurred in all introns as a well as the promoter region. It then suggests that there may strong overlap in how these FKBP5 proteins are expressed as a result of child abuse in cells in the brain and not only the those residing in the blood. Methylation of FKBP5 Relationship with Mental Health Disorders It was determined that the FKBP5 gene is a target of demethylation as a result of a child abuse leading to an overall change in its expression based having polymorphisms of particular high risk. The last thing to discern is whether there are statistical merits for whether the demethylation process contributes to some form of mental health disorder. Bustamante et al. (2018) focus on the methylation correlation with major depressive disorder and hypothesized that many of the methylation events that were present in promoter, intron 7 and 2 would be important in determining the depression. 184 participants recruited for this study were selected based on availability of blood sampling for performing the same pyrosequencing that was conducted for the previous study. As it seems to be most consistently representative of the polymorphisms for interacting with child abuse, the rs1360780 was selected to be the mediating methylated gene. The first problem that occurs in this instance is that when the study went to confirm some of the previous percent methylation correlations with level of child abuse from previous studies, Bustamante et al. (2018) found that while the methylation was still different, the methylation was much higher in the high child abuse participants than was expected. In the promoter region, intron 2 and intron 7 the methylation percentages compared to the levels of child abuse in the participants were all much higher than would have been anticipated based on the results of the previous study. Although, there still was present the general association between child abuse level and depression symptom severity (DSS), as well as the genotypic expression of the rs1360780 varying the DSS. While technically the percentages of methylation did see a notable shift between levels of abuse, it potentially brings to question the overall understanding of what controls the base levels of methylation observable w ithin the genome. When the case study followed up these initial analyses with determining if there the methylation percentages acted as significant mediator towards the childhood trauma and the DSS they conducted a regression analysis for each of the GRE linked regions, promoter, intron 2 and intron 7. While of these GRE linked regions were predetermined to have significant correlation with child abuse level, none of these regions were predictors of DSS. The researchers suggest that because of a less significant difference between the mean total methylation percentages that there was far more overlap in data points. Ultimately, the researchers concluded that based on data represented in their research that there was no significant correlation, between methylation and gene expression. Conclusion Based on the evidence provided from a number of resources there is a significant overlap between the FKBP5 gene and a number of health disorders. While PTSD and and major depressive disorder were of the most relevance in this paper, things like suicidality also have a notable increase based on the polymorphic expression of this glucocorticoid receptor mediating gene (Roy et al. 2010). Not only are these genes correlated polymorphically to whether these disorders may be developed in an individual, but based on what was discussed it is also noteworthy, that this gene can actually vary a persons ability to appropriate react to treatment. And even further can FKBP5 polymorphism rs1360780 actually regulates this on the genotypic level of its expression (Binder et al, 2004).

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

The Portrayal Of Women During The Arab World - 1651 Words

The portrayal of women in the media is a global phenomenon that many nations, countries and cultures struggle to find equality in the portrayal of gender throughout media systems. The Middle East and the Arab World is no exception to this phenomenon, recognizing and contributing to the negatively portrayed images of Arab women represented in the global mass media. For my research paper, I chose to focus on how women in the Arab World are breaking boundaries of these negative stereotypical images, while using social media as an outlet for online activism and empowerment. By conducting research on how women are portrayed as â€Å"subservient† to men in the Arab World, I started to form my research question in how women are interpreting these portrayed images, how they are reacting to these misrepresentations of themselves in the media, and what exactly they are doing about changing the image of themselves and the evident inequalities between men in civil society. I continued fur thering my research with the introduction of social media to the Arab world and the combating of stereotypes of Arab women in the media. Collectively, based on all of my research and knowledge of global mass media, the portrayal of Arab women in mass media, and the exponentially rising usage of social media in implementing social change, Arab women have gained a voice in standing up for rights in civil societies throughout the Arab World. My research led me to formulate the following research question: HowShow MoreRelatedChanges in Arabic Societies During teh 20th Century1441 Words   |  6 Pagesinitiated a new cultural order that changed the lives of men and women alike. The sweeping changes associated with this period were catalyzed by a massive immigration from the countryside into the rapidly expanding urban centers of the region. There exist a variety of contributing factors to this migration: systems of land inheritance that fragmented land into smaller parcels (decreasing an already declining income per capita); the world-wide economic crisis of the 1930s that further crippled the incomeRead MoreDisneys affect on our Children and Culture1525 Words   |  7 PagesChildrens films are especially good at catching the attention of their audience and are far more memorable because kids enjoy watching movies more than enduring the serious reality that is school or church. It allows them to escape into a fantasy world where adventure and excitement are moderated and consumerism can be fully suggested upon them. The image that Disney portrays of itself, as a non-threatening, fun, family oriented icon of North American culture is steadily emphasized through the corporationsRead MoreEffects Of Westernization On Arabs ( Working Women ) Essay1688 Words   |  7 PagesEFFECT OF WESTERNIZATION ON ARABS (WORKING WOMEN): INTRODUCTION: The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is an example of a rapid and successful development story in the Region, in terms of both the infrastructure and economy of the country and also the progress of its People. The UAE’s achievement is perhaps best typified in the evolution and growing prominence of Emirati women as partners and contributors in this remarkable nation-building process, Women, who Account for 49.3 percent of the national populationRead MoreRole Of Being Conscience Of Their People And At Numerous Occasions Speak For The Voiceless1396 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals with thoughts and feelings that are worth others’ time, but failed in the way we live it out. In this modern Arab world, many writers have blossomed with raging talent. majority of them yearned to express their visions of their societies and of the human condition by using literary masks and creating characters that depicted major issues that were faced throughout the Arab world. Some notable writers are Naguib Mahfouz, AhlamMosteghanemi, NizarQabbani, Mahmoud Darwish, GhassanKanafani and ZakariaTamirRead MoreWar Againsts Iraq: The Media, Its Portrayal of the War and the Effect of Its Perspective1374 Words   |  6 Pagesrather North America and the Middle East. It is a fact that citizens get to understand an issue such as the Iraq war through the perspective of the media (Al-Rawi, 2013). T his paper focuses on the media, its portrayal of the war and the effect of its perspective. North American Media’s Portrayal on the Iraq War The Bush administration claimed that they intended to protect the American people from the imminent or future attacks by Saddam from the weapons of mass destruction. They further claimed thatRead MoreCh 13 Hw1275 Words   |  6 Pages7. Why might Arab or Chinese historians be skeptical about any claims for feudalism’s special importance in world history? Feudalism left Japan with some serious political and social problems. This is why some Arab or Chinese historians might be skeptical about any claims for feudalism’s special importance in world history. Also as the Arab and Chinese civilization did not practice feudalism, it might seem wrong to establish feudalism’s special space in history. Source of World History bookRead MoreThe Media s Influence On People Opinions1556 Words   |  7 Pagesdiplomats will have no choice but to handle these problems. While the government handles these issues, other problems, maybe unknown to the public, must stay lacking attention it deserves. The ‘CNN Curve’ causes multiple problems for Middle Eastern men, women, and even children. It gives them more attention than they probably want, because this attention is more than likely negative. This journalism tactic causes problems for Muslims, mainly with unacceptable attention on their race and religion MuslimsRead MoreRaiders of the Lost Ark Movie Analysis958 Words   |  4 Pagesforeign policy. If the American government is against a certain region anywhere in the world, the entire area faces the same amount of stereotypical hate from the media. The American values that have become accustom to Americans are tainted by false imagery and ignorance of other religions. A film, Raiders of the Lost Ark portrays these same stereotypes in this way consistently in Cinema. The typical stereotype of Arabs and Middle Easterners comes from early Europeans who traveled to these countriesRead More Stereotyping of Arab Muslims in the New York Times for the Past Forty Years3589 Words   |  15 PagesStereotyping of Arab Muslims in the New York Times for the Past Forty Years This study examines stereotyping of Arab Muslims in the New York Times for the past forty years. Theorists suggest that stereotyping of a minority group effects the publics opinion of that group. Other communication media theorists say that only under extreme conditions will the negative stereotypes reflect the publics opinions of the portrayed minority group. The parallel theory between propaganda and stereotypingRead MoreThe Culture Of Wine As A Hunter Gatherer Society938 Words   |  4 Pagesliving nearby. And because beer could be made so abundantly and easily, beer made up greatly for the lack of food quantity of a stationary lifestyle. Women were not allowed to attend symposions therefore they missed out on social gatherings. These private drinking parties would be for formal, academic, intimate, and contesting purposes. By not allowing women to attend, they were limited to fewer social gatherings and situations. When Islam became a prominent power in the Middle East, they began rejecting

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Civil Rights Movement for Jim Crow Laws - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCivil Rights Movement for Jim Crow Laws. Answer: Introduction The civil rights movement took place in the 1950s.It was a mass protest movement carried out against racial discrimination and segregation by black Americans. The black Americans wanted equal rights with the whites who oppressed them. The movement was nonviolent and later led to laws protecting every person regardless of sex, race color or national origin. However, the whites had already done great damage to Black Americans taken in the Southern United States as slaves. The Civil Rights Movement was first led by the first and Second World War. The movement, therefore, began to defend equal rights and opportunities for all individuals without looking at their race. There is still racism in the current world though it cannot be compared to how it affected people many decades ago. The paper is centered on the emergence of the civil rights movement as well as its impacts in the southern United States. It further explains the consequences of racial discrimination within the English speaki ng countries. The emergence of Civil Rights movement So how did the Civil Rights Movement begin? The civil rights movement did not just come into being but out of attempts to abolish the institution of slavery (Goodwin et al., 2014).The activists wanted their quality of life improved hence formed the movement. They felt that they were not treated the same as white yet they were all human beings, therefore, wanted justice to prevail. Throughout the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln who was the president offered the emancipation proclamation (Omi et al., 2014). It was then codified into law is the 13th Amendment to the constitution of US. The amendment legitimately banned the institution of slavery and went into impact in 1865.Around the year 1880, the segregation law was created and named as Jim Crow Laws. The law gave the states the right to enforce legal punishments on individuals for consorting with people of a different race. This implied that the blacks could not mingle with the whites. The blacks were supposed to be on their own so as the whites (West, 2014).Many laws were formed following the segregation laws. For instance, the blacks and whites could not have access to the similar public facility with whites. In fact, every race had own entryway, bathroom, and waiting room. Besides, the blacks and whites could not attend the same public school. More so, the interracial marriages were banned completely. As a result, people who went against these rules were severely punished or jailed according to Jim Crow Laws. Activists involved in Civil Rights movement For many years of Liberation Proclamation, the blacks in Southern states continued to suffer. They lived a rigid unsatisfactory world of segregation, citizenship deprivation and other forms of tyranny which included race-inspired difficulty (Button, 2014). Jim crow laws at state and local states. The non-violent movement and civil disobedient approaches were employed by the activists to bring some change. A number of civil rights leaders within the community of blacks and beyond were recognized during that period. Some of the leaders include Martin Luther King, Andrew Goodman, Rosa Parks as well as other leaders of the Christian group. In fact, a number of them endangered their life as many also lost their lives in the name of equality and freedom. Their motive behind the civil right movement involved school segregation. Rosa Park is said to have refused to give offer her seat to the white person, despite that it was public accommodation and transportation(Goodwin et al., 2014).Also, there was the murder of a fourteen-year-old in Chicago school. The deeds, in fact, led to all coming together to fight against the segregation. Impacts of the Civil Rights Movement The movement was focused on fighting slavery whereby African slaves tried to resist racial exploitation. The activists needed to completely do away with the institution of slavery and set everyone free. However, American slaves were liberated due to civil war and later given basic civil rights. This was done thru the passage of 15th and 14th amendments to the United States Constitution. Although the amendments were approved, the fights to ensure the federal fortification of these human rights endured to the next century (Spring, 2016). The civil right movement did not engage violence hence altered the pattern of public amenities being exploited by racialism in the South. The nonviolent pattern led to the achievement of the most crucial breakthrough in equal-rights law for African Americans ever since it was reconstructed in 1865 to 1877.Although the approval of 1964 and 1965 of the primary civil rights law was successful for the movement; the activists had already started to view the ir tussle ass a liberation or freedom movement. There were many campaigns and acts that influenced the movements towards resisting slavery (Dierenfield, 2013). The whites and African American performed types of civil disobedience and protests such as marches, sit-ins boycotts, and many other non-violent deeds. This movement brought a great change and accomplishments such as voting rights, Montgomery Bus Boycott and Civil Rights Act Section of 1964.Along with the attainments, came with many controversies and outbreaks that caused casualties swept the south as well as the side path of acts involving violence(West, 2014). Ideally, they didn't view their struggle as merely a way of seeking civil rights changes but rather confronting the long-lasting political, economic as well as cultural significances of past racial repression. Supreme Court and Civil rights The leading approach was focused on the courts. It was led by the (NAACP) which meant the Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The idea was initiated lawsuits meant to destabilize the legal basis of Jim Crow Laws of discrimination in the southern United States. The landmark Topeka Board of Education v. Brown ruling said that the use of separate public facilities supported inequality. The court, therefore, pointed out that the discrimination within the public education was unconstitutional (Beard, 2017). Although the Supreme Court ruling was a great success for civil rights, the white supremacists on the other side guaranteed massive opposition to desegregation. In reaction to Board v. Brown, a crowd of Southern congressmen delivered the southern manifesto, while, denouncing the court's verdict and swearing, to fight back its enforcement. In the long run, the federal interference was needed to implement the decision. The Supreme Court at the end took great penalties in B oard versus Brown involving Topeka Education in 1954.The court was, therefore; against school segregation hence ruled that individuals barred from visiting public schools with whites were denied equal rights as stated by the 14 amendments (Spring, 2016). The policy was too extended to state-supported universities and colleges Abolitionism of Jim Crow Laws The history of America has been revealed through determined and persistent effort to increase the scope as well as the comprehensiveness of civil rights. Despite the fact that equal rights were approved in the southern United States through the documents, a number of blacks were still denied basic rights. Indentured servants and African slaves did not have an absolute right to liberty, life as well as the chase for happiness asserted by the British colonists to justify their independence declaration (Goodwin et al., 2014).Besides, they were not included to the United States people who created the constitution to enable general welfare promotion and get blessings of liberty. However, the constitution only protected slavery by facilitating slaves' importation till 1808.Besides, the constitution helped in enabling the slaves' return of who had run to other states for the refugee. As the Southern United States continued to expand its borders, Native American group resisted absorption and conquest. The individual states which influenced a number of the rights of American people limited the rights for voting to white property possessing males and other basic rights. Some of these rights include; the right to serve on juries and the right to own land. The Africa-American were denied such rights because of their gender and color. However, the point is? How does color affect all these activities in the southern United States? The question still lingers in so many minds wanting to know whether the society still has an issue with the color. Well, probably things are changing in the current world (Beard, 2017). During that time, a small group of blacks lived outside the system of the slave. However, those recognized as free blacks suffered enforced segregation and racial discrimination. Although a few slaves rebelled violently against their dependence, African America ns as well as other marginalized groups mostly used nonviolent methods. The protests, pleas, legal challenges and petitions forwarded to government representatives as well as massive and sustained civil rights movements achieved gradual enhancements in their status quo. Black Power The term black power is a political slogan that spread between the 1960s towards the 1980s.The term also refers to different ideologies meant to achieve autonomy for black individuals (Button, 2016).It was promoted in the United States, though the slogans together with other components of the Black Power Movement have already gone abroad. Despite that the inclusive civil rights legislation signified a prominent success for the Civil Rights Program, the obstinacy involving the white power group within the South persuaded a number of black activists, showing them that the nonviolent civil defiance was insufficient (Reich, 2017). Several African Americans also got concerned about the appearance of numerous northern middle-class whites' people in the civil moment. A northern white college scholar joined black militants is some voter registration drive during the Freedom Summer that occurred in 1964.The strategy of the student was viewed as an attempt to force white leadership in the Civi l Rights Movement. As a reaction to the persistent power of the whites, there was an arrival of those within and outside the movement. Besides, a more militant number of the civil rights activism also emerged. The most influential proponent of black power movement was Malcolm X. He advocated cultural pride, black self-defense, and self-reliance when faced with racial violence. The back power led by Malcolm X gained numerous adherents after the murder of King Martin Luther in 1968.He was assassinated while in the arms of James Earl Ray who was an escaped criminal and a white chauvinist (Smith, 2014).After the killing of Malcolm X in 1965, Stokely Carmichael and Black Panther Party took over the movement among the most voiced advocates of Black Power. Conclusion To sum up, the Civil Rights Movement achieved many things in regards to racial segregation. The movement racked up a number of notable conquests from the abolishing of Jim crow laws in the southern United States, headed to the passage of federal rule prohibiting racial oppression, to the prevalent cognizance of the cultural legacy and its great contributions involving African American towards the United States History. The election carried out in 2008 of the African American First president, Obama Barack, was an outstanding presentation of how far the equality struggle has come. However, some indicators show there is still a lot to do in order to eradicate the issue of inequality completely. The goal of comprehensive political, social and economic equality has not been attained yet. African Americans are still being enslaved at a big rate unequal to their proportion of the populace. In fact, the black people are the most common victims associated with police cruelty, while poverty ra tes amidst the black families are higher compared to those of the whites. Stereotypical depictions involving African Americans continue to be rampant in popular culture. A number of black Americans still suffer from deprived access to social facilities. Besides, they suffer from methodical inequalities in institutions such as public education.As victorious as the Civil Rights movement could have been; there is still unfinished business towards the struggle for complete equality. References Beard, C. (2017).An economic interpretation of the Constitution of the United States.Routledge. Button, J. W. (2014).Blacks and social change: Impact of the civil rights movement in southern communities. Princeton University Press. Button, J. W. (2016).Blacks and social change.Princeton University Pres. Dierenfield, B. J. (2013).The civil rights movement: Revised edition. Routledge. Goodwin, J., Jasper, J. M. (Eds.). (2014).The social movements reader: Cases and concepts. John Wiley Sons. Omi, M., Winant, H. (2014).Racial formation in the United States.Routledge. Reich, M. (2017).Racial inequality: A political-economic analysis. Princeton University Press. Smith, C. (Ed.). (2014).Disruptive religion: The force of faith in social movement activism. Routledge. Spring, J. (2016).Deculturalization and the struggle for equality: A brief history of the education of dominated cultures in the United States. Routledge. West, M. (2014)." I Want Those Seats:'Rosa Parks, Buses, and the Origins of the Civil Rights Movement.

Monday, December 2, 2019

The Decision Of The Century Essays - Japan, English-language Films

The Decision Of The Century The Decision of the Century On August 2, 1945, Harry S. Truman made the toughest decision of his life. He knew that if he made the right decision, he would save hundreds of thousands of American lives. In making this decision, he would also be responsible for the deaths of hundreds and thousands of Japanese lives. If he made the wrong decision, the war would drudge on as the death count rose higher and higher as each new battle was fought. Japan would not surrender unconditionally, as the United States wanted. With Germany already beaten, the United States was not about to back down. No one knows whether or not he made the right choice, but he did, in fact, bring an end to World War II. World War IIs basic statistics qualify it as by far the greatest war in history in terms of human and material resources expended. In all, 61 countries with 1.7 billion people, three-fourths of the worlds population took part. A total of 110 million persons were mobilized for military service, more than half of those by three countries: USSR (22-30 million), Germany (17 million), and the United States (16 million). For the major participants the largest numbers on duty at any time were as follows: USSR (12,500,000); U.S. (12, 245,000); Germany (10,938,000); British Empire and Commonwealth (8,720,000); Japan (7,193,000); and China (5,000,000). Harry S. Truman was born May 8, 1884 in Lamar, Missouri. He was named Harry after his uncle, Harrison Young. His parents, John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young Truman, wanted to honor both of Harrys Grandfathers when they were deciding on a middle name for him. The only problem was deciding which one, Anderson Shippe Truman or Solomon Young. His parents finally decided to name him Harry S. and let the S stand for both of Harrys grandfathers names. Before Harry S. Truman became the thirty-third President of the United States, he had many jobs which included: railroad work, business man, sales rep., Captain in the United States Army, a United States Senator, and Vice President. Harry S. Truman became President of The United States on April 12, 1945 after Franklin Delano Roosevelt had passed away from a heart attack. He never knew what he was really getting himself into. Harry S. Truman had only been the President of The United States for thirteen days when Henry L. Stimson, The Secretary of War, delivered a complete report on the United States of Americas new secret weapon that would supposedly end World War II. Before Harry S. Truman received this report, he had no idea that such a weapon existed or that the American scientists had been trying to develop the atomic bomb over the last four years. On July 21, 1945 while at Potsdam, Truman received the results from General Leslie Groves testing of the atomic bomb at Alamogordo. The results were as follows: A force of 15-20,000 tons of TNT, a fireball lasting several seconds, a mushroom cloud rising skyward approximately 41,000 feet above sea level. There were many secondary explosions within the mushroom cloud causing a 1,200-foot crater in the ground. The 100 feet tower, which the bomb had been detonated in and a seventy-foot steel tower a half-mile away was disintegrated. It became obvious that Truman had two choices: invade mainland Japan or drop the atomic bomb. If Truman chose to invade Japan, he calculated he would need a ground force of 766,700 soldiers with roughly 31,000 American casualties within the first 30 days (Hamby 19). In addition to the estimated casualties of the invading ground force the estimated 100,000 prisoners of war would be slaughtered (Ferrell 24). The order was issued by Japans vice minister of war as follows: Whether they are destroyed individually or in groups, or however it is done, with mass bombing, poisonous smoke, poisons, drowning, decapitation or what, dispose of them as the situation dictates. In any case it is the aim not to allow the escape of a single one, to annihilate them all, and not to leave any traces. Another factor in the equation of the bomb vs. an invasion was the weather. At close to the time of the planned invasion a typhoon