Looking At The Ethical Issues Raised In Research Social Work Essay

Looking At The Ethical Issues Raised In Research Social Work Essay Political and ethical values have great impact on Social Sciences. While conducting research, the researcher should always be aware of those issues that may arise during time of the research process. Ethics in social research means linking individual responsibility to broader moral principles and to professional codes of conduct. Research ethics helps: to maintain the profession integrity, maintain the standards that have been set already; protects the reputation of good research; acknowledges research context; seeks funding and approval for ethical research (Z, Oleary, 2004 p42). Thus, power, politics and ethics should be analysed thoroughly by the researchers during the research process. Harm to participants: social researchers should try to minimize disturbances to both subjects and subjects relationship with their environment. Maintaining privacy and confidentiality of the participants are vital things in the research process. Researchers should be fully aware of data protection act 1998 and be recorded accordingly. Informed consent: individuals should be powered to make free decisions and be given all the information needed to make good decisions. Researchers should explain about the research including who is undertaking and financing, and why it is being undertaken and how it is to be promoted. Invasion of privacy: the anonymity and privacy of those who participates in the research process should be respected. Deception: The involvement of research participants must be entirely voluntary. If the participants do not understand fully or remember, they might not do what is expected or withdraw due to misunderstandings. Thus, participants should be empowered by full information along with the nature of the research. Indeed, it protects participants as well as researchers.(Bryman, A, 2008, p118-129) Similarly, professional practice and ethical standards should be maintained during the process of research by choosing relevant research methodology. Likewise, reporting should be accurate, fabrication and falsification of data are considered as misconduct and interpretation of the data should be according to the general methodological standards. Furthermore, the researcher- researcher relationship should be maintained by not misusing the authority or role given and researchers should not list authors in their report without their permission. The research in fact should be guided by the accepted ethical standards(S, Sarantakos, 1998, p20-25). Meanwhile, the political dimensions of the research should also be maintained during the research process in order to avoid biasness. Likewise, the political consideration of research includes the issues of outsider pressures, researchers own political position, the applicability of research findings and use of them by those who are in power, choice of research topic and research procedures, sponsors influence, funding bodies and governmental policy towards social science research (Bryman A, 2008, p131), as well as credibility of findings all should be considered throughout the research process.(S, Sarantakos,1998, p27-29) Two empirical research studies have been selected and analysed from political and ethical point of view .Those studies are : (1) Factors That Predicts How women Label Their Own Childhood Sexual Abuse, and (2)Family Environment in Hispanic College Females with a history of Childhood Sexual Abuse. Both journals are derived from the Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, vol 15(2) 2006 and; vol 16 (3) 2007 respectively. In both studies, all participants are females. Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) is a private crime, enshrouded in the Syndrome of secrecy (Furnish, 1991, p22). Ones personal appraisal of sexual abuse may depend on societal definitions that recognize extreme behaviours as abusive, but leave other behaviours. Although centuries of novels and autobiographies have dealt with the subject of child abuse in all its forms, society has been slow in term of recognizing the frequency with this committed assault. Since the last 20 years, research has understood the importance of CSA as a public health problem, yet the actual extent of CSA remains unknown. It is because of the efforts of a small number of researchers. The issues involved have been ignored, and there is correspondingly little mention of them in historical and anthropological studies (The political Consequences of Child Abuse, Alice Miller, The journal of psychiatry 26 (2) Fall 1998). For example, in May 2008 the world woke to the shocking news that a 71 years old Austrian man had imprisoned his own daughter in a small soundproofed windowless cellar of his family home for 24 years. During this time he raped her repeatedly and fathered seven children with her. Although around 100 people live on and off that house, none reported their c oncern to the authorities, preferring to turn a blind eye to what was going on. Moreover, most of the available information about CSAs distribution and determinants has not been based on methodologically valid and reliable measures. The lack of accurate estimates inhibits the development of effective preventive and treatment interventions. Similarly, S, Sarantakos (1998) illustrates further that data and materials already collected can only become available to researchers if the government allows it. The political bias may arises when government and funding bodies set priorities on issues they wish to be studied, promoting only what they consider as important and suppressing research in areas which they do not wish to see explored. Priorities are often biased, and certain minority groups and problems are neglected and certainly disadvantaged. The government appoints assessors of research grant applications to select the proposals that deserved support. But who are the assessors and who determined the parameter of choice? (S, Sarantakos, 1998). For example, Child abuse, that is actually neglected. Empirical sociological research studies based on data collected from children themselves are relatively few (Amit-Talai and Wuff, 1995; Mayball 1994a). The method used in the first journal How Women Label their Own CSA was cross-sectional followed by structured interviews. The study was supported by a grant from the Texas Academy of Family Physician foundation. The main objectives of the studies were: to compare victims of CSA who labelled their experiences as abusive with victims who did not, examining differences in abusive experiences, victim characteristics, perpetrator characteristics, and family relationships. Interestingly, it illustrates that despite the psychological impact of sexual abuse, many victims do not acknowledge that their experience were abuse. Abuse whether acknowledge or unacknowledged, is associated with more psychological and sociological adjustment problems (Varia et al, 1996). Layman et .al (1996) found that acknowledged victims of rape reported more post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms than unacknowledged victims, who had more symptoms than non-victims. Although CSA is widely prevalent in the United Sta tes, an estimated 16% of males and 27% of females report some experiences with unwanted sexual experiences during childhood (Finkelhor, 1994). Likewise, Stander, Olson, and Merrill (2002) discovered that self-identification as a victim of CSA was associated with threats-force, incest and younger age of onset. In addition to the characteristics of the abuse, other factors may affect how an individual defines the experience: victim characteristics (for example, gender, cultural background and education) and family environment. The study is a secondary analysis of the Childhood Experience and Adult Stress (CEAS) database conducted in the Family Health Centre of the University Health Centre-Downtown in San Antonio, Texas. In the study, 100 women were assessed for major depressive episode(MDE), panic disorder, agoraphobia, substance abuse, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), borderline personality disorder(BPD), bulimia and suicidal where only 68 women met criteria for at least one ad ult disorder; several had multiple co-morbidities. Re-using the qualitative data has several ethical and legal concerns. These include the use of whether and, if so, when researchers should seek consent to re-use data in secondary studies (Alderson, 1998). This could be done at the time when data are collected. However, information on exactly how data will be reused, by whom and for what purpose, is likely to be scant at this time. Alternatively, consent could be sought retrospectively, when particular secondary studies are planned. But this requires that participants identity and contact details are known and can be used for this purpose. Re-contacting participants also presents researchers with logistical and ethical difficulties where people might have changed address or may have died; being re-contacted may also be unwelcome to some former participants. In addition, whether or not researchers decide to seek fresh consent for a secondary study may depend on the data collection and the type of planned qualitative secondary analysis (Sage, social research methods, 2008). Moreover, in the study, researchers didnt do any attempt to re-contacting and taking fresh consent for the studies; which are relatively difficult task. Doing research under such situation brings conflict for future policy and practice. Likewise, the original study sought to identify predictors of mental health and mental disorders in women with a history of CSA whereas the second analytic research on the same data was to identify factors that predict how women label their own experience of CSA. Such research findings might not be reliable and replicable. Similarly, it has been observed that several women in the sample had not labelled their childhood sexual experiences as abuse. Therefore, this analysis was conducted by using dependent variable acknowledgement of abuse, in an attempt to understand how women subjected to sexual abuse as children come to define their experiences as abuse. A variable is a concept that can take two or more values where dependent variable is affected or explained by another variable (S, Sarantakos, social research methods, 1998, p73). Measurement relates to variables. In the study, several variables were associated with labelling in the bivriate comparisons, but did not reach significance in the logistic regression: (1) racial/ethnic background, (2) use of force/threats, and (3) duration of abuse. Hispanic was less likely than non-Hispanic whites to acknowledge the sexual activities as abuse. In the sample, only English speaking females aged 18-40 were approached where 65% of the women were from Hispanic family. Thus, these responses may have uniquely reflected local culture and values in a young adult cohort. The population of Sant Antonio has majority of Hispanic ethnicity and other dominant groups include non-Hispanic and African Americans. Those groups represented in the clinic population and in the sample were low income, which reflected the entire community. It is not appropriate to generalize whole population on the basis of findings of such limited study criteria. Furthermore, the sample included only those who were willing to tell and describe the childhood experiences of abusive activity in a face-to-face interview. One third of those who met the criteria were not willing to disclose and participate in the research. This is the fact that they may not have differed in the nature of their experiences because they did not differ demographically from the 100 partici pants. The CSA screening consisted of three main questions about their childhood sexual patterns. Women saying yes to any of the question were asked to complete a structured interview concerning the sexual abuse experience and their childhood environment and taken informed consent as well. The family-of-origin questionnaire describes the household environment throughout childhood. The 25-item parental bonding instrument assessed the quality of the parent-child relationship during the subjects childhood. The demographic questionnaire collected information on subjects gender, age, marital status, household size, educational attainment, occupation, income, and racial /ethnic background. The study has several limitations. Firstly, the outcome variable, acknowledgement of abuse had a single question and therefore may lack reliability. Secondly, the use of multiple comparisons may have inflation alpha level. Thirdly, the sample was small and unique, limiting statistical power and generalizability . In fact, the sample differed from other studies demographically. Finally, researching about traumatic childhood experiences biased politically because of the unattainable objectives. Furthermore, interviewing adult can result in data biased by poor recollection, re-interpretation of events, and failure to disclose. The study was funded by the private sponsor of the same study, so the applicability of the findings are surely related to political factors and it will totally depend on the sponsor to apply findings. The second journal family Environment in Hispanic College Females with a History of CSA sought to examine the family environments of a sample of Hispanic college women who reported childhood sexual abuse. The qualitative method with individual interview was used in the study. The main objective was to explore the relation of child maltreatment in ethnic diversity associated with cultural factors and prevalence through the study of Hispanic female college students .In the study, eighteen women, ranging from 20 to 49 years , were taken from a larger college sample. Those women were individually interviewed and administered the Family Environment Scale (FES, Moos and Moos, 1994). The qualitative methodology was employed to the study. The larger the sample size, the grater the precision (Bryman, A, 2008, p180). The sample size in the study were relatively small, in such circumstances, the scope of the findings of qualitative investigation is restrictive. On the other hand, the findings c an not be generalized to other settings because of its subjective nature and small sample size. Furthermore, it is almost impossible to conduct a true replication. The study illustrates that ethnic diversity and cultural factors which may affect the prevalence of such abuse, so, the victims emotional and behavioural response, as well as the disclosure of the sexual abuse should be ignored (Kenny and McEachern, 2000). Existing research that has examined Hispanic victims compared with victims from other ethnic group have found that Hispanic victims were more likely to have been abused by extended family members (Arroyo et al.1997) because of the given cultural value to the family with strict rules. However, good relationship among family members, caring each other, sense of obligation, loyalty and duty; because of those values placed in the family, they would not like to reveal the CSA, which would be marked as shame and guilt in the society. Furthermore, the participants were evenly distributed across all socioeconomic levels. However, it was impossible to analyze the data separately by Hispanic group because of small sample size. The project received approval from the University Research review Board and committee for human Subjects. Since the beginning of the research project, frequent announcement were made in a number of educational classes during the year. Potential participants were instructed to call the author and take an appointment for the participation. The participants who were participated in the research process were granted extra credit to their academic career. It implicated that they are just attracting and motivating the participants to participate and their motive was just to finish the research. In such circumstances, the research findings will be politically biased due to motives of the research funding. It does not actually seem to produce knowledge and generate theory. Such research would definitely have negative influence to future researchers. (May, T, 1997) Furthermore, the following questions can be asked in any piece of research: who funded it? How was it conducted and by whom? What were the problems associated with the design and execution and how were the results interpreted and used? This enables to understand the context in which research takes place and the influences upon it as well as countering the tendency to see the production and design of the research as a technical issue uncontaminated by political and ethical questions (May, T, 1997 p45-46) .For example, in the study, even after several announcement and with incentives (credit) there were only eighteen participants. During the process, informed consent was taken assuring confidentiality prior to the interview. Individual interviews were chosen owing to the sensitive nature of the material .The interview consisted of open-ended and closed questions about the demographic information including the participants potential history of sexual abuse. Following the use of a closed question, such as what age were you when the abuse began? further questions were elicited for more information during the interview. Furthermore, after interview, Family Environment scale (FES) was provided to the participants and allowed as much time as they like to complete. It is unstructured and often reliant upon the researchers ingenuity where conducting a true replication is almost impossible. Furthermore, there are hardly any standard procedures to be followed (Bryman, A, 2008 p391). Not only that, the researcher him or herself is the main instrument of data collection, so that what is observed and heard and also what re searcher decides to concentrate upon is very much a product of his or her predictions. For example, some researchers are likely to empathize with other issues; while others choose to focus upon what strikes them as significant. Similarly, the responses of participants to such a qualitative research are likely to be affected by the characteristics of the researcher (personality, age, gender, and so on). Because of the unstructured nature of qualitative data, interpretation will be influenced by the subjective leaning of a researcher (A, Bryman, 2008, p391). Because of those factors, it is difficult, not to say impossible-to replicate such qualitative findings. The goal of the study was to learn more about the family experiences of the women who reported CSA to generate future directions for future research and contribute to the understanding of Hispanic womens experiences with CSA. The FES measure consisting of 9-item subscale was used to measure the respondents perceptions of the topic. The results highlighted some important areas for future inquiry. Some of the hypothesis was confirmed. The first hypothesis, that this sample would report elevated scores on the EFS of family conflict and decreased scores on Organization, was not supported. They did not demonstrated elevated scores on the conflict subscale of EFS because of focus on general conflict among family members. The second hypothesis, the organization of these families found some support, but the study showed a rather hierarchical structure with the father or parents at the top in most families; for example; male authority 50% and 39% of mothers made decisions. The third hypothesi s was regarding the issue of sexuality; these women would report repressed sexual attitudes in their homes seems to have been confirmed for example, majority of them reported that their parents did not discuss issue related to sexuality. In the study, all women were from a voluntary college population that is not representative of the greater Hispanic population; hence, making generalization to other groups is difficult. Similarly, the study used non-contact sexual experiences, so, careful examination of definitions of sexual abuse used in other studies should be made before comparisons are conducted. Future studies should focus on disclosure process including family reactions and level of parental support following disclosure. Likewise, comparing the responses of these participants to those who are not college students would be helpful for future comparisons. In conclusion, both studies used relatively small sample that contained especially Hispanic female individuals from varying subgroups. Making generalization to others is difficult. Both studies are retrospective in nature, which required women to recall past incidents of child abuse as well as other dimensions of their families, poses limitation. Re-evaluation of past experiences and error in recall may affect responding in unknown ways (Clemmons et al, 2003; Rafaelli and Ontai, 2004); some claims that retrospective studies probably underreport abuse (Bolen, 1998). Furthermore, interviewing adult about past experiences of childhood sexual abuse can result in data bias. In addition, it is difficult to measure validity and reliability of the research. To a large extent, both studies lack transparency from research process to findings. The power that exercised in the research and sponsors influences over procedures are highly remarkable in both studies.

Prejudice In West Side Story :: essays research papers

In the book West Side Story by Arthur Laurents there were many prejudices. Prejudice is a favoring or dislike of something without just grounds or before sufficient knowledge. There were prejudices in West Side Story that had to do with the types of people, their races and sex. Sometimes prejudice can be in small doses and can be meaningless, other times prejudice can be very serious and cause death. Prejudice was the theme of this story, there are many examples.For instance, an act of prejudice in West Side Story was the Puerto Ricans disliking the Americans and vice versa. The PR's diskliked the Americans because the first day, Bernardo (leader of PR gang) was jumped by one of the Jets. The Jets wouldn't let the PR's come on their turf, such as Doc's store. The PR's were not wanted in the U.S. and they were given a hard time. The American's were prejudiced of the Puerto Ricans, so they did cruel things to them.Another act of prejudice in West Side Story was the Jets having prejudice against Anybody's joining their gang. They told her to go wear a dress, she wittily replied that she had scabby knees. She told them that she lurks in the shadows and even provided the Jets with important information. She had a haircut like a boy's and wore boy clothes. This could be a prejudice beyond having a girl in a gang, it could be that they have a prejudice against homosexuals, the fact that the stereotype of lesbians play a role in the character of Anybody's.There were little prejudices passed around in West Side Story. Some people saw through that, some people tried to stop that foolish behavior. Glad Hand, the administrator of the dance, he tried to get everybody to stop acting that way. Glad Hand made everybody split up across the room, and then whoever was directly across from each other danced together. Doc tried to stop the gangs from having the war council, he told them basically to grow up and stop their childishness. Doc and Glad Hand couldn't stop the fighting. Tony saw through the prejudice though, he loved one of the PR's and when the Jets found out, they were ashamed. Tony's love for Maria was so real, he didn't care what happened. He died.Prejudice plagues this world now and forever, as long as there is a difference in people there will discrimination and prejudice.

BMW Harvard Case Studies

What is the strategic significance of the BMW Z3 launch? Firstly, the launch of the BMW Z3 is significant for the company as it helped the company inch closer towards their long term goal in becoming a global brand. Prior to the introduction of BMW Z3, the most common mindset of the general public about BMW is that the superior quality of their products are due to the fact that it was made in Germany. With the Z3 manufactured in Spartanburg USA, BMW can show that they can be a successful global company by manufacturing at strategic locations even when it’s not in Bavaria.Furthermore, this launch had helped people to associate the quality of BMW’s product to the company itself rather than its manufacturing location. Secondly, the launch of Z3 further supported BMW’s effort to reposition their brand from â€Å"Yuppie Status Symbol† to their much preferred â€Å"Ultimate Driving Machine†. As shown by the BMW Unit Sales History, this campaign was succes sful in helping BMW increase their unit sales in the U. S. and Worldwide by 10. 7 thousands and 16. 2 thousands respectively in a year. This is significant as the Z3 helped generate dealer traffic while stimulating interest in other BMW product line.Lastly, the production of the Z3 model also satisfied the needs of a certain segment in the market while simultaneously enabling them to become the pioneer of the modern roadster category by releasing it before their such as Porsche and Mercedes. The Z3 appealed to the Generation-Xers as it gives them a sense of uniqueness, it appealed the Gen-40s as the Z3 materialized their roadster car they’ve been dreaming of all their lives and lastly, the Z3 reminded the Baby Boomer of the roadsters of yesteryear. 2. How would you measure the overall performance of the launch?In my opinion, one way to measure the overall performance of the launch is by simply comparing the projected unit sales against the actual unit sales. However, another way of measuring Z3’s launch performance is by analyzing the publicity impact of BMW’s advertising campaign such as: 1 The GoldenEye Product Placement: This was a brilliant decision as it allowed them to, without any monetary fee, add attractiveness to the Z3 and reach foreign customers and younger generation who are generally harder to reach.In addition, the time gap between the movie’s premier and the Z3’s launch gave BMW the opportunity to build cars to exact customer specification. 2 Neiman Marcus Catalog: By offering a James Bond edition of the Z3 in the catalog, BMW had successfully created a buzz and excitement by requiring over 6000 customers to be on a waitlist to purchase the 100 cars that were available. 3 BMW Internet Site: The â€Å"Build Your Own Roadster† module was important as it generated buzz by building excitement, anticipation and awareness towards the Z3 and perhaps other models.4 Press Launch in Central Park: This particular activity resulted in extensive coverage in both broadcast and print news companies. This was a good decision as it increases the awareness of the product with a higher reach than many traditional advertising methods. 5 Jay Leno & Radio DJ Program: Normally, I would advocate against practicing these methods of advertising as they are a very risky and has a very large reach. However, the amount of word of mouth resulted from these methods suggests that this program was in fact successful.6 â€Å"Go: An American Road Story† Video: In my opinion, this method was unnecessary as the emotional and nostalgic content of the video contradicts with Z3’s new and exciting image. 3 What are your recommendations for the Phase 2 and why? After the success of the first phase, BMW now faces another problem as they must formulate a strategy that can both sustain the public interest and convert those interests into actual order. To preserve the public’s interest, BMW can maintain c ontacts with their potential customers by disclosing relevant messages through e-mail, mail, or phone.The content of these messages should be designed in a manner that will stimulate an immediate physical or psychological reaction. For instance, the message can include an information regarding the current state and development of the Z3 or perhaps the message can include an invitation to take the Z3 for a trial during a specific time window. To convert interests to actual order, I would recommend BMW to implement a more informative advertising rather than another awareness building, non-traditional marketing.For instance, perhaps now BMW can inform its audience about its financing option for the Z3 or the steps that they can take to pre-order the car. Should they implement another non-traditional marketing campaign, they may wane off the charm and effectiveness of their initial advertising, thus slowly turning them into a traditional marketing in the future. As non-traditional marke ting was essential to the success of Z3’s introduction, it would be within BMW’s best interest to prevent excessive non-traditional marketing so that they can continue to implement it for their future new product offerings.

Explain The Following Fixed Server / Database Roles That...

ASSESSMENT TASK1 THEORETICAL QUES. Q1. Explain the following fixed server/ database roles that exist in the sql server; a) Sysadmin b) Securityadmin c) Dbcreator d) Db_owner e) Db_accessadmin f) Db_securityadmin Ans.;- a) Sysadmin;-the sysadmin fixed server role can perform any activity in the server. The local administrator group are member of the sysadmin fixed server role. The users with sysadmin server role. The sysadmin a complete control of your server. There is a vulnerability database to run sql codes internal sql injection. b) Securityadmin; - fixed server role manage logins and their properties. They can AWARD, REBUFF, and REVOKE server-level permissions. The database level permission if they have access to a database. c) Dbcreator: - the dB creator stationary server role can create databanks, and can adjust and return their own databases. This role a login create database. This is typically normal user is a member of development teams and the like. The owner a given do anything within particular database. d) Db_ownre:- Stationary database role can perform all arrangement and repairs activities on the database, and can also drib the database you can add database other sql server roles into database role. Each member fixed database role can add other login to same role. e) Db_accessadmin:- db_accessadmin stable database part can add or remove contact for Holes logins, Windows groups, and SQL Server. It is going to allow nativeShow MoreRelatedWindows Sql Server Database Design And Optimization Essay5564 Words   |  23 Pages : Assessment: Windows SQL Server Database Design and Optimization ID NO : 14091138 SUBMITTED TO : Imran Sidqque SUBMITTED DATE: /july/2015 Diploma in Information Technology (Level 7) Assessment: Windows SQL Server Database Design and Optimization Subject Code: WD 602 Assessment: Task One Theoretical Questions Outcome 1 (1.1) Q1. 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Effects of Child Abuse on Child Development - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2746 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/03/28 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Child Abuse Essay Did you like this example? While it has been known for a while that there is obviously an extremely high importance of maternal care in child development. Some research now suggests that the importance of this may lie partially on its effects on anxiety-like behaviors and the regulation of the stress reaction in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, also known as the stress response control center, which are both significantly lowered (Ramo-Fernndez et al., 2015). However, an effective opposite, child abuse, also shows may also yield negative consequences. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Effects of Child Abuse on Child Development" essay for you Create order Based on data that was collected in 2016 of children raised in the U.S. 9% experience physical abuse and another 4% experience sexual abuse, making for the understanding of its effects of high importance (US Bureau of Children data shit). Where maternal care showed gains in the individuals ability to interact with stress related mechanisms, many of the issues (behavioral, health, psychological) stem from some form of detriment in the individuals ability to cope with these mechanisms. In children experiencing child abuse we see significant increase in the likelihood that theyll experience abuse in other relationships in adulthood, whether they be platonic or intimate relationships. Psychological disorders such as depression, post traumatic stress disorder, suicidality, anxiety not only are experienced at increased rates, but also severity within the population of children experiencing child abuse (Ehlert U. 2013). Additionally, physical health is something that comes into play with th ings such as cardiovascular disease or infections (Norman, et al., 2012). As result of having this many conditions that are interacting with stress mechanisms funding for research focuses on the how these stress reactions are influenced by varying polymorphisms in the genome. While there are many genes that seem to interact in epistatic and pleiotropic ways with stress regulation systems, I will be doing a parallel comparison of two genes: FKBP5 and NR3K1. The FKBP5 gene goes through transcription and translation to form the FK506 binding protein 51. Although the protein gene relationship was only discovered in 1990, many developments in the understanding of the function of this gene have occured (Sanchez, 1990). In the FKBP5 proteins normal function, it intimately interacts with multiple receptors, but the glucocorticoid receptor is of most relevance to us because it is responsible for upregulation of anti-inflammatory proteins and downregulation of proinflammatory proteins (Menke, et al., 2013). The interaction with proteins is important because many forms of issues that correlate with child abuse seem overlap when there is displacement from these proteins normal expression. The FKBP5 gene is activated to down regulate the expression the glucocorticoid receptor in what is known as a negative feedback loop, which when bound to the glucocorticoid receptor prevents its interaction with glucocorticoids like cortisol (Binder, 2009). Altho ugh the FKBP5 protein has several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that could interact with the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor because of potential changes proteins ability to appropriately function; some SNPs that are tested in many forms rs4713902, rs3800373, rs1360780, rs9470080, rs9296158 and rs3777747 (Collip, et al., 2013; Green, et al., 2015). Polymorphisms and Genotypes of FKBP5 Related to Depression Treatment Before the effects of child abuse on this gene and its effects on behavior can be appropriately determined, it is first important to determine what polymorphisms, if any are attributed to varying regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Binder et al. (2004) began the sifting of SNPs by looking for sufficient responsiveness of SNPs of depressed individuals to antidepressant treatment, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, and rates of remission beyond points of experimental influence. After an additional initial screening of the FKBP5 gene, consisting of the promoter region and exons, 57 SNPs were used to for analysis, including nine newly discovered genes. Using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale to evaluate the 233 participants, a noteworthy response to the antidepressants and remission was observed in SNPs rs1360780, rs1334894 and rs755658. However, a replication of the analysis of SNPs was conducted to control for a large portion of the gene that was encompassed by a gene linkage band that was found to go 288 kb from the 5 exterior of the gene. The replication resulted in the three polymorphisms, rs4713916, rs1360780 and rs3800373, ultimately were found to have the strongest, sufficient correlation, which are located putative promoter region, intron 2 and 3 untranslated region respectively of the FKBP5 gene. Based on the three SNPs falling into FKBP5 range the study was able to conclude that the substantial association of the responses to treatment was, in fact a result of the FKBP5 gene and not adjacent linked genes. Following the confirmation of these SNPs as notable contributors to treatment reactivity, Binder et al. (2004) then looked to discern whether there was variance in the genotypic expression within any of these polymorphisms. Given the sample of the participants from Bavarian psychiatric hospitals, the only polymorphisms that showed notable expression in the population was the rs1360780. A correlative analysis was then conducted on each of the genotypic expressions of the rs1360780, TT, TC and CC (assuming standard nucleotide pairing). The analysis showed an indicative proportion of the individuals within the rs1360780 polymorphism that experience effects from the antidepressant treatment and remission were those of the homozygous TT genotype. Additionally over the course of their lifetime each individual had more than double the likelihood of experiencing depressive episodes. As a result of the positive results for the varying experiences of those of different genotypes of the rs1360780 SNP, the researchers hypothesized an altered phenotypic expression would be measurable in lymphocytes and plasma cortisol levels. Their hypothesis was accurate on lymphocyte expression with FKBP5 levels being nearly two times the expression in TT versus TC or CC genotypes. However, cortisol levels in the rs1360780 polymorphism found no significant distinguishable representation of plasma cortisol levels. The researchers explain these results by suggesting that these changes in expression may have lead to increased sensitivity of the glucocorticoid receptor due to structure variation in the heterocomplex that interacts with the FKBP5 protein. In later literature it is described that the genotype homologous TT, actually forms a TATA Box complex which is known for its enhancement of the transcription on the rs1360780 polymorphism. It is described that this upregulation could also result in the increased sensitivity that was described here (Klengel et al., 2012). FKBP5 Polymorphisms and Genotypes Related to Child Abuse Following an in depth analysis of the different polymorphisms of the FKBP5 gene that are relatively involved in the regulation of some depressive effects without considering experience; now it is important to consider how these different may polymorphisms may act in conjunction with childhood abuse. Binder et al. (2008) using 900 non-psychiatric clinic patients with significant levels of child abuse and non-child abuse trauma. The level of trauma was determined in individuals by cross-section analysis of the individuals scores using the traumatic events inventory assessment, which importantly describes the majority of non-child abuse trauma occurring in adulthood, and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. This study functionally placed participants into 3 levels for both groups described: none (verbal abusive), 1 type (physical or sexual abuse) and 2 type (physical and sexual abuse). This data was regressionally analyzed to rates of PTSD found in participants that was determined using the PTSD symptom scale (PSS). Lastly and most importantly these individuals were placed categorically based on SNPs expression. These polymorphisms including the three functionally correlated with responsiveness and remission in the previous study (rs4713916, rs1360780, and rs3800373) and five others that spanned a 120 kb range within the FKBP5 gene. The Binder et al (2008) study then does a series of cross-sectional analyses to enlighten the relationships between many of these interplaying factors. Firstly, the comparisons of the non-child abuse and child abuse traumas with the PTSD itself. Non-child abuse and PTSD showed a 5 fold increase when comparing the PSS scores from the individuals that experience the low to high levels of trauma. While the child abuse didnt experience as dramatic an increase in PSS, the scores were significantly higher for each one of the levels. Additionally, the researchers found that when the type 1 and type 2 levels of child abuse and non-child abuse were paired together PSS substantially increased in terms of non-child abuse. This suggests that PTSD symptoms may effectively increase after experience of non-child abuse as a result of having experienced child abuse prior. Immediately this raises the question of whether the functional ability of how that form is changed as result of having childhood abuse. Now the case study looked to investigate the relationship between FKBP5 SNPs and PTSD, including whether child abuse or non-child abuse traumas were mediating factors that could be used as potential predictors of that relationship. Using -log10 to determine main genetic effect, there appeared to be no simple correlation between the FKBP5 polymorphism and PTSD experience within the non-child abuse group. However, in the child abuse trauma group there were three different polymorphisms that showed noteworthy PTSD outcome interaction. Two polymorphisms that were demonstrated in the previous study to show an interaction with depression, rs3800373 and rs1360780, and the third and most crucial rs9296158 found in intron 5, all showed an interrelation with PTSD. These polymorphisms specifically resulted in an additive effect suggesting theyre expression or interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor is directly influenced by trauma experienced in early child development. Additionally, when each of these three polymorphisms were tested for variances in expression based on genotype. Binder et al. (2008) conducted an analysis across the separate genotypes in relation to levels of child trauma for PSS. Each mean PSS increased by a factor of approximately four for the most significant genotypes, although these genotypes were only different from others within the SNP when they were at the highest level of child abuse. This suggests that these genotypically distinguishable polymorphisms may experience a form of stress threshold for early developing children that can lead to proportionally higher PTSD outcomes in adult life. Child Abuse Level Relationship with FKBP5 Methylation To this point there is significant evidence that is connecting the levels of child abuse with multiple polymorphisms that vary in their effects genotypically with stress related disorders; however, as was implied in the last case there seems to be mechanism by which the FKBP5 gene or expression of it that is altered seemingly indefinitely after child abuse trauma experiences. Klengel et al. (2012) is a continuation of the last study through the same lab and looks to determine, whether epigenetic methylation effects on the polymorphisms that have been relevant towards present research could be due to childhood trauma. Since this is a continuation of the previous article, the same forms of collecting participant samples, genotyping and data analysis were conducted. Although, to appropriately to determine methylation of the genome the DNA was bisulfite treated and had pyrosequencing performed. The researchers predicted that child abuse events would lead to demethylation occurring at glucocorticoid response elements (GREs), sequences that directly mediate interaction with the glucocorticoid receptors, in the FKBP5 gene with a high risk genotype. First, the researchers determined by using the Illumina OmniExpress database determined that of the polymorphisms that had already been previously associated that with child abuse effects in PTSD that the rs1360780 was most closely integrated with GREs and was contained in a methylation tagging bin of 192 kb long. Following the determination of the highest risk polymorphism rs1360780, a direct comparison between amount of methylation on the FKBP5 gene GREs of the rs1360780 with both physical and sexual abuse were compared to the individuals that had experienced no form of child abuse. The pyrosequencing showed that of the participants that experienced the high degree of child abuse that the FKBP5 gene GRE demethylation occurred in notably high amounts (5%) on the GREs found in the promoter regions as well as introns 2 and 7. Although when genotypic interaction was assessed with each of the demethylated regions, the researchers found that only the demethylation found in intron 7 was also correlated with the highest risk homozygous alleles and heterozygous risk allele carrier. Determining this correlation, emphasizes the effects of early trauma severity on FKBP5 demethylation in risk allele carriers, but not in protective genotype carriers (Klengel et al. 2012). Klengel et al. (2012) then went on to determine whether the demethylation effects were correlated with the childhood trauma questionnaire scores. They found that not only was there correlation with the individuals that had experienced the highest forms of trauma, but also that there was individual correlations with each categorized form of trauma (physical, emotional, and sexual). Although, the effect size, or the mean total demethylation that occured, of the demethylation events were significant smaller than the individuals that had experience multiple forms of trauma. The researchers concluded as result that demethylation of these portions of the genome was proportional to the amount of childhood trauma experienced. Up to this point in the case study, these researchers have been using DNA samples from peripheral blood cells and wanted to determine whether the methylation effects were transferable to neuronal cells. Dexamethasone, demethylation inducing chemical, was used to treat hippocampal progenitor cells found a considerable overlap in portions of the FKBP5 gene demethylation. The demethylation occurred in all introns as a well as the promoter region. It then suggests that there may strong overlap in how these FKBP5 proteins are expressed as a result of child abuse in cells in the brain and not only the those residing in the blood. Methylation of FKBP5 Relationship with Mental Health Disorders It was determined that the FKBP5 gene is a target of demethylation as a result of a child abuse leading to an overall change in its expression based having polymorphisms of particular high risk. The last thing to discern is whether there are statistical merits for whether the demethylation process contributes to some form of mental health disorder. Bustamante et al. (2018) focus on the methylation correlation with major depressive disorder and hypothesized that many of the methylation events that were present in promoter, intron 7 and 2 would be important in determining the depression. 184 participants recruited for this study were selected based on availability of blood sampling for performing the same pyrosequencing that was conducted for the previous study. As it seems to be most consistently representative of the polymorphisms for interacting with child abuse, the rs1360780 was selected to be the mediating methylated gene. The first problem that occurs in this instance is that when the study went to confirm some of the previous percent methylation correlations with level of child abuse from previous studies, Bustamante et al. (2018) found that while the methylation was still different, the methylation was much higher in the high child abuse participants than was expected. In the promoter region, intron 2 and intron 7 the methylation percentages compared to the levels of child abuse in the participants were all much higher than would have been anticipated based on the results of the previous study. Although, there still was present the general association between child abuse level and depression symptom severity (DSS), as well as the genotypic expression of the rs1360780 varying the DSS. While technically the percentages of methylation did see a notable shift between levels of abuse, it potentially brings to question the overall understanding of what controls the base levels of methylation observable w ithin the genome. When the case study followed up these initial analyses with determining if there the methylation percentages acted as significant mediator towards the childhood trauma and the DSS they conducted a regression analysis for each of the GRE linked regions, promoter, intron 2 and intron 7. While of these GRE linked regions were predetermined to have significant correlation with child abuse level, none of these regions were predictors of DSS. The researchers suggest that because of a less significant difference between the mean total methylation percentages that there was far more overlap in data points. Ultimately, the researchers concluded that based on data represented in their research that there was no significant correlation, between methylation and gene expression. Conclusion Based on the evidence provided from a number of resources there is a significant overlap between the FKBP5 gene and a number of health disorders. While PTSD and and major depressive disorder were of the most relevance in this paper, things like suicidality also have a notable increase based on the polymorphic expression of this glucocorticoid receptor mediating gene (Roy et al. 2010). Not only are these genes correlated polymorphically to whether these disorders may be developed in an individual, but based on what was discussed it is also noteworthy, that this gene can actually vary a persons ability to appropriate react to treatment. And even further can FKBP5 polymorphism rs1360780 actually regulates this on the genotypic level of its expression (Binder et al, 2004).

The Portrayal Of Women During The Arab World - 1651 Words

The portrayal of women in the media is a global phenomenon that many nations, countries and cultures struggle to find equality in the portrayal of gender throughout media systems. The Middle East and the Arab World is no exception to this phenomenon, recognizing and contributing to the negatively portrayed images of Arab women represented in the global mass media. For my research paper, I chose to focus on how women in the Arab World are breaking boundaries of these negative stereotypical images, while using social media as an outlet for online activism and empowerment. By conducting research on how women are portrayed as â€Å"subservient† to men in the Arab World, I started to form my research question in how women are interpreting these portrayed images, how they are reacting to these misrepresentations of themselves in the media, and what exactly they are doing about changing the image of themselves and the evident inequalities between men in civil society. 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Civil Rights Movement for Jim Crow Laws - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCivil Rights Movement for Jim Crow Laws. Answer: Introduction The civil rights movement took place in the 1950s.It was a mass protest movement carried out against racial discrimination and segregation by black Americans. The black Americans wanted equal rights with the whites who oppressed them. The movement was nonviolent and later led to laws protecting every person regardless of sex, race color or national origin. However, the whites had already done great damage to Black Americans taken in the Southern United States as slaves. The Civil Rights Movement was first led by the first and Second World War. The movement, therefore, began to defend equal rights and opportunities for all individuals without looking at their race. There is still racism in the current world though it cannot be compared to how it affected people many decades ago. The paper is centered on the emergence of the civil rights movement as well as its impacts in the southern United States. It further explains the consequences of racial discrimination within the English speaki ng countries. The emergence of Civil Rights movement So how did the Civil Rights Movement begin? The civil rights movement did not just come into being but out of attempts to abolish the institution of slavery (Goodwin et al., 2014).The activists wanted their quality of life improved hence formed the movement. They felt that they were not treated the same as white yet they were all human beings, therefore, wanted justice to prevail. Throughout the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln who was the president offered the emancipation proclamation (Omi et al., 2014). It was then codified into law is the 13th Amendment to the constitution of US. The amendment legitimately banned the institution of slavery and went into impact in 1865.Around the year 1880, the segregation law was created and named as Jim Crow Laws. The law gave the states the right to enforce legal punishments on individuals for consorting with people of a different race. This implied that the blacks could not mingle with the whites. The blacks were supposed to be on their own so as the whites (West, 2014).Many laws were formed following the segregation laws. For instance, the blacks and whites could not have access to the similar public facility with whites. In fact, every race had own entryway, bathroom, and waiting room. Besides, the blacks and whites could not attend the same public school. More so, the interracial marriages were banned completely. As a result, people who went against these rules were severely punished or jailed according to Jim Crow Laws. Activists involved in Civil Rights movement For many years of Liberation Proclamation, the blacks in Southern states continued to suffer. They lived a rigid unsatisfactory world of segregation, citizenship deprivation and other forms of tyranny which included race-inspired difficulty (Button, 2014). Jim crow laws at state and local states. The non-violent movement and civil disobedient approaches were employed by the activists to bring some change. A number of civil rights leaders within the community of blacks and beyond were recognized during that period. Some of the leaders include Martin Luther King, Andrew Goodman, Rosa Parks as well as other leaders of the Christian group. In fact, a number of them endangered their life as many also lost their lives in the name of equality and freedom. Their motive behind the civil right movement involved school segregation. Rosa Park is said to have refused to give offer her seat to the white person, despite that it was public accommodation and transportation(Goodwin et al., 2014).Also, there was the murder of a fourteen-year-old in Chicago school. The deeds, in fact, led to all coming together to fight against the segregation. Impacts of the Civil Rights Movement The movement was focused on fighting slavery whereby African slaves tried to resist racial exploitation. The activists needed to completely do away with the institution of slavery and set everyone free. However, American slaves were liberated due to civil war and later given basic civil rights. This was done thru the passage of 15th and 14th amendments to the United States Constitution. Although the amendments were approved, the fights to ensure the federal fortification of these human rights endured to the next century (Spring, 2016). The civil right movement did not engage violence hence altered the pattern of public amenities being exploited by racialism in the South. The nonviolent pattern led to the achievement of the most crucial breakthrough in equal-rights law for African Americans ever since it was reconstructed in 1865 to 1877.Although the approval of 1964 and 1965 of the primary civil rights law was successful for the movement; the activists had already started to view the ir tussle ass a liberation or freedom movement. There were many campaigns and acts that influenced the movements towards resisting slavery (Dierenfield, 2013). The whites and African American performed types of civil disobedience and protests such as marches, sit-ins boycotts, and many other non-violent deeds. This movement brought a great change and accomplishments such as voting rights, Montgomery Bus Boycott and Civil Rights Act Section of 1964.Along with the attainments, came with many controversies and outbreaks that caused casualties swept the south as well as the side path of acts involving violence(West, 2014). Ideally, they didn't view their struggle as merely a way of seeking civil rights changes but rather confronting the long-lasting political, economic as well as cultural significances of past racial repression. Supreme Court and Civil rights The leading approach was focused on the courts. It was led by the (NAACP) which meant the Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The idea was initiated lawsuits meant to destabilize the legal basis of Jim Crow Laws of discrimination in the southern United States. The landmark Topeka Board of Education v. Brown ruling said that the use of separate public facilities supported inequality. The court, therefore, pointed out that the discrimination within the public education was unconstitutional (Beard, 2017). Although the Supreme Court ruling was a great success for civil rights, the white supremacists on the other side guaranteed massive opposition to desegregation. In reaction to Board v. Brown, a crowd of Southern congressmen delivered the southern manifesto, while, denouncing the court's verdict and swearing, to fight back its enforcement. In the long run, the federal interference was needed to implement the decision. The Supreme Court at the end took great penalties in B oard versus Brown involving Topeka Education in 1954.The court was, therefore; against school segregation hence ruled that individuals barred from visiting public schools with whites were denied equal rights as stated by the 14 amendments (Spring, 2016). The policy was too extended to state-supported universities and colleges Abolitionism of Jim Crow Laws The history of America has been revealed through determined and persistent effort to increase the scope as well as the comprehensiveness of civil rights. Despite the fact that equal rights were approved in the southern United States through the documents, a number of blacks were still denied basic rights. Indentured servants and African slaves did not have an absolute right to liberty, life as well as the chase for happiness asserted by the British colonists to justify their independence declaration (Goodwin et al., 2014).Besides, they were not included to the United States people who created the constitution to enable general welfare promotion and get blessings of liberty. However, the constitution only protected slavery by facilitating slaves' importation till 1808.Besides, the constitution helped in enabling the slaves' return of who had run to other states for the refugee. As the Southern United States continued to expand its borders, Native American group resisted absorption and conquest. The individual states which influenced a number of the rights of American people limited the rights for voting to white property possessing males and other basic rights. Some of these rights include; the right to serve on juries and the right to own land. The Africa-American were denied such rights because of their gender and color. However, the point is? How does color affect all these activities in the southern United States? The question still lingers in so many minds wanting to know whether the society still has an issue with the color. Well, probably things are changing in the current world (Beard, 2017). During that time, a small group of blacks lived outside the system of the slave. However, those recognized as free blacks suffered enforced segregation and racial discrimination. Although a few slaves rebelled violently against their dependence, African America ns as well as other marginalized groups mostly used nonviolent methods. The protests, pleas, legal challenges and petitions forwarded to government representatives as well as massive and sustained civil rights movements achieved gradual enhancements in their status quo. Black Power The term black power is a political slogan that spread between the 1960s towards the 1980s.The term also refers to different ideologies meant to achieve autonomy for black individuals (Button, 2016).It was promoted in the United States, though the slogans together with other components of the Black Power Movement have already gone abroad. Despite that the inclusive civil rights legislation signified a prominent success for the Civil Rights Program, the obstinacy involving the white power group within the South persuaded a number of black activists, showing them that the nonviolent civil defiance was insufficient (Reich, 2017). Several African Americans also got concerned about the appearance of numerous northern middle-class whites' people in the civil moment. A northern white college scholar joined black militants is some voter registration drive during the Freedom Summer that occurred in 1964.The strategy of the student was viewed as an attempt to force white leadership in the Civi l Rights Movement. As a reaction to the persistent power of the whites, there was an arrival of those within and outside the movement. Besides, a more militant number of the civil rights activism also emerged. The most influential proponent of black power movement was Malcolm X. He advocated cultural pride, black self-defense, and self-reliance when faced with racial violence. The back power led by Malcolm X gained numerous adherents after the murder of King Martin Luther in 1968.He was assassinated while in the arms of James Earl Ray who was an escaped criminal and a white chauvinist (Smith, 2014).After the killing of Malcolm X in 1965, Stokely Carmichael and Black Panther Party took over the movement among the most voiced advocates of Black Power. Conclusion To sum up, the Civil Rights Movement achieved many things in regards to racial segregation. The movement racked up a number of notable conquests from the abolishing of Jim crow laws in the southern United States, headed to the passage of federal rule prohibiting racial oppression, to the prevalent cognizance of the cultural legacy and its great contributions involving African American towards the United States History. The election carried out in 2008 of the African American First president, Obama Barack, was an outstanding presentation of how far the equality struggle has come. However, some indicators show there is still a lot to do in order to eradicate the issue of inequality completely. The goal of comprehensive political, social and economic equality has not been attained yet. African Americans are still being enslaved at a big rate unequal to their proportion of the populace. In fact, the black people are the most common victims associated with police cruelty, while poverty ra tes amidst the black families are higher compared to those of the whites. Stereotypical depictions involving African Americans continue to be rampant in popular culture. A number of black Americans still suffer from deprived access to social facilities. Besides, they suffer from methodical inequalities in institutions such as public education.As victorious as the Civil Rights movement could have been; there is still unfinished business towards the struggle for complete equality. References Beard, C. (2017).An economic interpretation of the Constitution of the United States.Routledge. Button, J. W. (2014).Blacks and social change: Impact of the civil rights movement in southern communities. Princeton University Press. Button, J. W. (2016).Blacks and social change.Princeton University Pres. Dierenfield, B. J. (2013).The civil rights movement: Revised edition. Routledge. Goodwin, J., Jasper, J. M. (Eds.). (2014).The social movements reader: Cases and concepts. John Wiley Sons. Omi, M., Winant, H. (2014).Racial formation in the United States.Routledge. Reich, M. (2017).Racial inequality: A political-economic analysis. Princeton University Press. Smith, C. (Ed.). (2014).Disruptive religion: The force of faith in social movement activism. Routledge. Spring, J. (2016).Deculturalization and the struggle for equality: A brief history of the education of dominated cultures in the United States. Routledge. West, M. (2014)." I Want Those Seats:'Rosa Parks, Buses, and the Origins of the Civil Rights Movement.